Why Did Americans Need The Immigration Reform Essay

Why did Americans need the immigration reform build in the first place? Mexican immigrants have been coming to the United States throughout this country through history, but it was a guest worker program that started after World War II that set a stage for patterns for legal immigration we still see today. From 1942 to 1964, the â€Å"Bracero Program†, a guest worker program that brought 400,000 agricultural employers per year to the United States. This program had issues such as worker abuse and low wage, so it ended in 1964. But the worker kept coming. In the early of 1970s, there were more than 1 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. Still, most Americans did not have strong opinions about immigration policy the way we do today. There were lots of groups had interests to see the system change. President Ronald Reagan supported changing the laws, too, and he was a republican. He said â€Å"I believe the idea of amnesty†. After a year in fall, the bill finally gained the legitimate moment in 1986 which was Immigration Reform and Control Act(IRCA). It talked two of biggest issues at the time. The first one, it offered legal status for undocumented immigrants who had been living the United States since before January 1, 1982, and the second one, it penalized the employer who knowingly hired undocumented workers. The bill finally cleared in the house senator, and signed by President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986. The Immigration Reform and Control Act(IRCA) was theShow MoreRelatedA Broken System Of My Mother1716 Words   |  7 Pagesofficer saw that I could not drive myself home or because he saw my mom did not any kind of record or maybe just luck, we knew that night could have had a really different outcome. My mom is only one of many people who fears to be stopped by the police because they know if they get pulled over they will be taken to jail and deported for not having the right documentation. There are others that do no t have same luck that she did and do get deported and separated from their families. Many come to AmericaRead MoreImmigration Senior Project1544 Words   |  7 PagesProject Immigration Obama’s Immigration Reform Xihara Rosario Class 172 Mrs. Prysler Northeast High School Outline 1. Introduction What is my topic? Why I chose it? What do I already know about my topic? What I expect to learn? 2. Body Definition of Immigration Types of Immigration The first habitants in United State were Immigrants Immigration reform issues right now Implements that reform needs to happen Immigration outcome and implications for Americans andRead MoreImmigration Reform1221 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration Reform is a serious and current issue in politics, in government, and in the lives of millions of people. Immigration reform is a term used by the American government and in politics. It refers to the changes to the current immigration policies in the United States. â€Å"Reform† is defined as a â€Å"change into an improved form or condition, by amending faults or abuses.† So, in a nutshell, Immigration Reform means the improvement of the law regarding how we, the United States, handle immigrationRead MoreThe United States Immigration Reform817 Words   |  4 PagesSow Immigration reform The United States Immigration Reform is specifically targeting the problem of 12 to 20 million undocumented workers in the United States. How would you trust and come out of the shadows if at any point the government changes their minds and deports you. As an immigrant there was times when I felt like I would be deported because of fear from how I got into this country. My dad would always blackmail me and my sisters to do what he wants or he would deport us and he did theRead MoreImmigration Policies During The 9 / 11848 Words   |  4 Pages This week’s materials cover the immigration policies, and meso-social analysis of how the immigrants in certain communities adapt. Rosenblum looks at the immigration policies before and after the 9/11 tragedy in the United States, and how the incident impacted the immigration laws amended/proposed, or blocked from passing (namely comprehensive immigration reform). Martin looks at the types of immigration, history of immigration and immigrations laws, and demographic, economical and politicalRead MoreImmigration Reform And The Immigration Boom Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"you are in san Francisco in the limits of Castro and Mission Districts. Why you ask? RIP responded â€Å"people looks different, the men and women wear different clothes.† This does not look like my old town. No, it does not, I responded. Since you went to sleep, we had what you could call an immigration boom. Now in your old town we have people from many parts of the world. What you see here is the result of immigration reforms, which helps boost the economy, create diversity, and cause cultural enrichmentRead MoreReforms Nee ded in the United States1240 Words   |  5 Pagesa problem because they took jobs away from the working class so they could not earn the money they desperately needed. Therefore, groups called for reforms such as labor reforms which then called for a restriction on immigration during this time so that these problems surrounding money and wealth could be resolved. First, many wanted labor reforms because the working class and farmers were not making enough money to live on. McKee said many things on this issue during the Omaha Platform of 1892Read MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Legal1514 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"We should be able to refuse immigrants. There are a lot of illegal’s that are taking jobs that actual Americans need in the current economic conditions, plus they cause our taxes to go up because we have to pay for their health insurance and they might need welfare so they get all the money taken from our pay so they don’t have to work. They should have to speak English too, if I went to their country, no one would be taking care of me and making sure that I can find the bathroom, or feeding myRead MoreBenefits Of Immigration Reform During The United States Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesBenefits of Immigration Reform Today, the need for immigration reform questions many economic, political and moral realities in our country. In particular, the current immigration reform as a major issue in the Latino community. Each area will be examined with an emphasis on how each is beneficial to the economy, as well as touching on the differences between the key opinions around immigration reform. Latinos make up a large portion of the people impacted by the outcome reform bill. The MigrationRead MoreIllegal Immigration1570 Words   |  7 Pages English 102 25 June 2013 Illegal Immigration Illegal Immigration has been a problem for a very long time now in the United States. It has also been a very controversial subject for as long as I can remember. Illegal immigration goes back hundreds and thousands of years. Living in such an anti-illegal immigration state has been tough, there is always something about illegal immigration laws going on, and politics talking about it and the saddest part families being separated, daily.

The Plot Against the Giant Free Essays

The poem talks about three girls plotting against a giant. The first girl plans that when his yokel comes maundering, whetting his hacker, the first girl will run before him. She will diffuse the civilest of odors out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Plot Against the Giant or any similar topic only for you Order Now The girl expects that this will check the giant. The second girls plan is to directly run before the giant. She will arch cloths besprinkled with colors that are as small as fish-eggs. The threads of the cloth will abash the giant. Lastly the third girl calls the giant la pauvre. She will also run before the giant with a curious puffing. He expects the giant to bend his ear to her puffing and that’s when she plans to whisper heavenly labials in a world of gutturals. This will undo the giant. The Plot of against the Giant is a poem published among Steven Wallace’s other poems under the book Harmonium which was published in 1923. The poem has a lot of playfulness and imagination but one would wonder who Wallace’s giant was. He could mean someone else or the giant could be himself. The poem consists of three parts. This could mean three approaches or three aspects or three techniques or three different experiences or stories all together. First line goes when this yokel comes maundering, yokel means an uneducated person, they are also known as bumpkins standing for unsophisticated country people. In fiction, yokels are usually depicted as gullible and easily conned. On the contrary, they may be viewed as straightforward and simplistic, and therefore seeing through sophisticated pretenses. Maundering can mean either wander aimlessly or talk indistinctly or speak rapidly. So the first line mean the first girl is waiting when the giant whom she calls a yokel comes to wander. The poem continues, whetting his hacker, I shall run before him, Diffusing the civilest odors Out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers. It will check him. Whetting is sharpening. With the continuation, the first paragraph suggests that the first girl will run to the giant when he is wandering without care sharpening his hacker. She plans to run to him and pour out and spread freely the nicest smelling odors from geraniums and unsmelled flowers and this will check the giant. The second girl says, I shall run before him, Arching cloths besprinkled with colors As small as fish-eggs.The threads. Will abash him. This suggests that she will run to the giant bending clothes toward the giant sprinkled with colors as small as fish-eggs. The threads will disconcert and embarrass the giant. While the third girl says, Oh, la†¦le pauvre! I shall run before him, With a curious puffing. He will bend his ear then. I shall whisper Heavenly labials in a world of gutturals. It will undo him. This suggests that she will run to the giant with an interesting but short forceful exhalation of breath or a short sudden gust of wind. This will make the giant bend his ear. The third girl will then whisper heavenly labials. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth. Sounds like this will undo the giant. The poem has a lot of imagination, symbolism and subtlety. It even has playfulness.   Each girl represents certain dealing or a plan: the subtlety of fragrances, the colorfulness of the besprinkled cloths and the magic of sound.   Another way of understanding the poem is seeing the visions of the poet himself. The Giant could be Steven Wallace himself and the gist of the poem is basically women plotting against him. If Wallace had been fond of women during his days – we can only speculate. He must have composed the poem out from pure imagination or thoughtful observation or it could be that the poem came out from a true-to-life experience. With this premise we will them come to view the poem differently and perhaps more maturely. As I’ve mentioned the three girls can mean different approaches of woman to a man or how woman respond to man. Before we get to the details of the poem lets touch a little on the word giant. Why Wallace did choose his hero to be a giant? Why not a winged-angel or perhaps Superman? It could be possible that in Wallace mind he perceives men in general as giants, of course not in the physical sense but in the gender sensitive sense. Another point of consideration is when the poem was created. The poem was written when society was highly patriarchal. It could be very possible that Wallace views were highly influenced by a male-dominated society that time. This could be the reason why he sees men in general or himself as super beings – superior to ordinary man. He used a giant as his hero in the poem to portray this supremacy. However, Wallace was aware of the consequences of using a giant for a hero or maybe it is exactly what he intends. Just like Goliath in the Bible, though he is a giant he was defeated by a child in the person of David. Wallace might have seen this perspective and opted to mold his character into a Giant and multiplied his David into three. Evident in the poem is Wallace’s bias on woman. He used the word plot against –and to plot against is something adversarial. As upfront as this title, the walls have been divided. Wallace then sees women as the enemy. The three dames represent a battle Wallace’s giant needs to overcome. First is the art of subtlety – using the sense of smell. It is common knowledge that scents and perfumes are women essentials. As much as women loves wearing it – men loves smelling it. The poem speaks of this with the first girl using all the civilest odors from geraniums to the unsmelled flowers. This suggest that the girl used the scents to check the giant out. She used the scents to weaken the giant. We should take note that the first girl was careful when to release these odors – only when the yokel is maundering. It is not done all the time, timing is everything. Second is the use of color and of clothes. If this is effective in taming a man then it is much effective now. It doesn’t only tame or abash a man it can be used to intimidate though today’s playing field doesn’t play much on the color nor on the cloth but a lot has been attributed to style. I would say attitude counts too. Third is the use of sound. Sound can have different effects on people. It depends on the kind and quality of sound we hear. The poem speaks of heavenly labial sounds. To me this suggests sensuality. These sounds can be the ahhs and the ohhhs or can be a moan or a groan that surely is very powerful letting the third girl call the giant la pauvre. It wouldn’t be a wonder because labial sounds are mostly guttural thus instinctive. The effects of these sounds are expectedly instinctive in nature too. The Plot Against the Giant First Girl When this yokel comes maundering, Whetting his hacker, I shall run before him, Diffusing the civilest odors Out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers. It will check him. Second Girl I shall run before him, Arching cloths besprinkled with colors As small as fish-eggs. The threads Will abash him. Third Girl Oh, la†¦le pauvre! I shall run before him, With a curious puffing. He will bend his ear then. I shall whisper Heavenly labials in a world of gutturals. It will undo him. (From â€Å"Harmonium,† 1923) How to cite The Plot Against the Giant, Essay examples

Critical Review Of Carn By Patrick Mccabe Essay Example For Students

Critical Review Of Carn By Patrick Mccabe Essay Critical Review: CarnThe novel Carn, by Patrick McCabe, is a thought-provoking tale of people from a town inIreland. The town, Carn, goes through economic failure, complete industrialization and commercialrevival, back to total desolation. As the town changes, so do the main characters, Josie Keenan andSadie Rooney. Although they do not know each other at the beginning of the novel, after theindulstrialization of the town, their lives eventually intersect. All they want from life is to lead normallives outside of Carn. Even though Carn is now an industrial town, it holds bad memories and asense of imprisonment for Josie and Sadie. Both their lives become tied to the town of Carn. Sadieplans to move to England, but when she becomes pregnant she must stay in Carn and raise a family. A lack of options forces Josie to remain in Carn, the only home she knows. Eventually, Josiesdestructive lifestyle and the political conflicts between England and Ireland result in tragedy for bothcharacte rs. McCabe does an excellent job at developing the characters of Josie, Sadie, and thetown of Carn itself. He shows the futility of their hopes, which ultimately results in tragedy anddespair. The reader can relate to the characters, and by the conclusion of the novel, the reader willfeel as if s/he knows the characters personally. Josie Keenan lives a life without hope. The author does a good job of providing insight intoJosies life by informing the reader of everything that effects Josie from the beginning of her life, rightuntil the end. Living with an abusive father has made Josie believe that no one is good, and everyoneis only looking for what they can gain from others. The only kind words she has ever received arefrom her mother. Even this source of happiness is taken from her though, because her mother dieswhen Josie is young. She moves from an orphanage right into the working world, and into a worldof men. Because she does not have a strong father figure in her life, she looks for love else where. Men love her body, and she loves the control this gives her. Josie now that there nothingshe do with (49). She takes mens money and does with it as she pleases. She the bus to a town across the border where she on her own in a cafe listening to ajukebox and eating ice-creams (51). Soon, however, this pat h leads to destruction. Her whole lifebecomes devoted to drinking alcohol and pleasing men. She is disgusted with what she has becomeand tries to blot out her pitiful life with alcohol. She sees how awful her life is when The protectionof the drink and the drugs to wear off (145). The only good influence in Josies life is herlone friend Sadie. In the end, though, not even this makes a difference. An overdose of pills mixedwith alcohol kills Josie before Sadie can reach her. McCabe is very pessimistic, and he gives thisquality to his characters. Little by little, as the book progresses, Josie looses her mind. The authorallows the reader to see Josies thoughts, which aides in understanding a demented person. Theeffects of abuse, sexual exploitation, and alcohol are seen in Josies character. The reader feels pitytoward Josie and the outcome of her life. McCabe does an excellent job of characterizing JosieKeenan. The character of Sadie Rooney is also a sad and hopeless one. McCabe relates the readerto Sadie through stories of Sadies childhood dreams. When she was a child she loved ElvisPresley. She would have gone anywhere with him (23). Readers can identify with Sadies love ofmovie starrs and desire for a better life. As her life progresses, however, her hopes are dashedwhen she becomes pregnant and must raise a family in the town she hates, Carn. When she learnsof her pregnancy, she nothing and says, Thats it then (115). She is bitter, yet resigned tothe fact that nothing she planned ever came to pass. Nothing can affect her any more, because herlife is already terrible. Eventually, her husband becomes involved in a murder, and she is hated bythe people of Carn. McCabe gives readers a definite idea of Sadies views on life. Her life is awful,but she knew it would be from the very start. The point that the author is trying to convey to thereader is that all of life is bad, and there is nothi ng that can be done to improve it. He uses clearcharacterization to get this point across to the reader. The character of Sadie vividly demonstratesthis idea. .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .postImageUrl , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:hover , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:visited , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:active { border:0!important; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:active , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: definition of contract in european law EssayCarn itself is a character. Although it is a town, it goes through a life cycle. Life for Carnbegins with prosperity, changes to ruin, becomes industrialized again, and then finally returns to dust. Carn effects the other characters in tremendous ways. The desolation that the other characters feelspawns from the desolation of Carn. McCabe makes the reader feel as if they have actually visitedthis town on the border of Ireland. After the reader travels there, they too can feel the emptinessthat results. The author characterizes the town through the words of other characters. Some believethat Carn is the best wee town in Ireland. I mean, you have everything you want here (61). Thatis the problem for many. They want to experience new and exciting things, yet they are restricted tothe commonplace in Carn. They can go Nowhere but Carn. Carnthe beginning and the end(62). Carn is the beginning and the end for both Sadie and Josie. It is Regular as clockwork(62). Nothing changes. Carn manages to get rid of the young ones (107). People feel trapped inCarn, and yet few can escape. It is analogous to an evil force that has a hold on everyone living in it. Even though Carn is the evil in peoples lives, life in general is the ultimate negative power. Carncannot escape the tragedies of life. Its moment of prosperity is ended, and all the characters returnto the sad, hopeless states that all people are destined to reside in. McCabe is an extremely talentedauthor to be able to give an inanimate object its own character, and to do it well. Carn is anexcellent example of a well-developed character. McCabes views of life are demonstrated by the lives of Sadie and Josie, and the town ofCarn. McCabes characters lives are replete with suffering and sorrow, and they all react with bitterresignation. Sadie, Josie, and Carn are resigned to accept their fates Sadies, involuntary life inCarn; Josies, debauchery and death; and Carns, economic desolation. Carn is very well writtenand is a wonderful book. However, not everyone will enjoy it. There is a considerable amount ofhistory involved in it, so people who enjoy history will benefit from it. It is also very depressing, soreaders who love happy endings will be disappointed with the conclusion of the story. For thesereasons I did not enjoy reading this book, however I do understand the literary merit that isdisplayed by McCabe. The story line and characters are well developed, and it is an interestingstory. I recommend it to anyone who is learning about the conflicts in Ireland, or to anyone wholikes to get to know fictional characters in a personal way. Book Reports

Laissez-faire Economy Essays - Classical Liberalism,

Laissez-faire Economy Concept of the Invisible Hand in a Laissez-faire economy "By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of it." Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776. What business does a government have in commerce and trade? Why would a government want to interfere between two countries benefiting from each other by trade? What right does the government have in two individuals wanting each other's products or services? According to some, commerce and trade should be permitted to operate free of controls of any kind; there should be no tariffs or other barriers. This is where the term laissez-faire is introduced. It's direct translation in French, "leave alone to do", is self-explanatory. A strong believer in this type of economics is Adam Smith, both a philosopher and an economist. Born on 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, he studied at Oxford, and became a professor of logic at Glasgow (1751), but took up the chair of moral philosophy the following year. In 1776, he moved to London, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first major work of political economy. This examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom, such as division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. Adam Smith is most remembered today for his explanation of our market system. A majority of people saw confusion when they observed economic activity in England during the middle of the 18th century. They saw everyone doing whatever they pleased and deemed necessary. Businesses produced whatever they wanted to make. Consumers purchased whatever they wanted to buy. No one told anyone what had to be bought and what had to be sold especially the government. And yet, somehow, businesses seemed to be providing the goods and services that consumers wanted and needed. Some might have called it luck; Adam Smith called it an "invisible hand". And today, it is considered the laissez-faire economy. The "invisible hand" is a term for the unseen process of co-ordination which ensures consistency of individual plans in a decentralized market economy (Pearce, 220). Adam Smith introduced this phrase in his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Book IV, Chap. II), who stressed the role that the "invisible hand" played in attaining a harmony of interests. Imagine this "invisible hand" suspended above everyone. This "invisible hand" encourages businesspeople to pursue profits and it pushes consumers to buy goods and services. And at the same time, that "invisible hand" discourages government from directing the economic activity. This "invisible hand" that Adam Smith refers to as a guiding force was the people and their attitudes. It all started with profit-seeking individuals. Using self-interest to feed their drive, people started businesses. When a business would become successful, others would notice and enter into the same field. As a direct result, growing consumer demand was satisfied while competition controlled rising prices. As demand grew, businesses were established in which workers shared tasks. This is called division of labor, in which one worker handled the first stage, another the second, and a third finished the product. The result was mass production, more efficiency, and lower costs. Mass production meant that people no longer had to grow there own food and remain on the farm; there would be enough to supply a large workforce. Paying all those laborers resulted in an army of consumers with money to spend. Adam Smith argued that an individual acting purely out of self-interest, would be a progressive force for the maximization of the total wealth of a nation. The role of the government should be permissive, creating a legal defensive setup sufficient to allow individual action. Interference with the free working of this natural order will reduce the growth of wealth and misdirect resources. Though Smith argued for laissez-faire, he recognized the need for minimal government intervention. For example, a tariff for infant industries and for the three functions of the state- security, justice and certain public works (Pearce, 397). Our economic system today seems to lean toward another philosophy called Keynesian economics. Keynesian economics is based on a belief that the economy

Achievements of India in Space Research Essay Example

Achievements of India in Space Research Essay Example Achievements of India in Space Research Essay Achievements of India in Space Research Essay The Indian space program began establishing itself with the launch of sounding rockets, which was complimented by Indias geographical proximity to the equator. These were launched from the newly-established ThumbaEquatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) , built near Thiruvananthapuram in southern Kerala. Initially, American sounding rockets like the Nike-Apache, and French sounding rockets like the Centaure, were fired and used for studying the upper atmospheric electrojet, which until then had only been studied from ship-based sounding rocket launches in the Pacific Ocean. These were soon followed by British and Russian rockets. However, since day one, the space program had grand ambitions of developing indigenous technology and India soon began developing its own sounding rockets, using solid propellants -these were called the Rohini family of sounding rockets. As the Indian Rohini program continued to launch sounding rockets of greater size and complexity, the space program was expanded and eventuallygiven its own government department, separate from the Department of Atomic Energy. In 1969 the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) was created from the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) program under the DAE, continued under the Space Commission and finally the Department of Space, created in June of 1972. (1970-1980) In the 1960s, Sarabhai had taken part in an early study with NASA regarding the feasibility of using satellites for applications as wide as direct television broadcasting, and this study had found that it was the most economical way of transmitting such broadcasts. Having recognized the benefits that satellites could bring to India from the very start, Sarabhai and the ISRO set about designing and creating an independent launch vehicle, capable of launching into orbit, and providing the valuable experience needed for the construction of larger launch vehicles in future. Recognizing the advanced capability India had in building solid motors with the Rohini series, and that other nations had favoredsolid rockets for similar projects, the ISRO set about building the technology and infrastructure for the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) . Inspired by the American Scout rocket, the vehicle would be a four-stage all-solid vehicle. Meanwhile, India also began developing satellite technology, anticipating the remote sensing and communication needs of the future. Indias first foray into space began with the launch of its satellite Aryabhata in 1975 by a Soviet booster. By 1979, the SLV was ready to be launched from a newly-established second launch site, the Shriharikota Rocket Launching Station (SRLS) . The first launch in 1979 was a failure, attributed to a control failure in the second stage. By 1980 this problem had been worked out. The first indigenous satellite launched by India was called Rohini-1 . (1980-1990)Following the success of the SLV, ISRO was keen to begin construction of a satellite launch vehicle that would be able to put truly useful satellites into polar orbits. Design of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) was soon underway. This vehicle would be designed as Indias workhorse launch system, taking advantage of both old technology with large reliable solid-stages, and new liquid engines. At the same time, it was decided by the ISRO management that it would be prudent to develop a smaller rocket, based on the SLV thatwould serve as a testbed for many of the new technologies that would be used on the PSLV. The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) would test technologies like strap-on boosters and new guidance systems, so that experience could be gained before the PSLV went into full production. Eventually, the ASLV was flight tested in 1987, but this launch was a failure. After minor corrections, another launch was attempted in 1988, this launch again failed. 1990-2000)It was not until 1992 that the first successful launch of the ASLV took place. At this point the launch vehicle, which could only put very small payloads into orbit, had achieved its objective. In 1993, the time had come for the maiden flight of the PSLV. The first launch was a failure. The first successful launch took place in 1994, and since then, the PSLV has become the workhorse launch vehicle - placing both remote sensing and communications satellites into orbit, creating the largest cluster in the world, and providing unique data to Indian industry and agriculture. Continual performance upgrades have increased the payload capacity of the rocket significantly since then. By this time,with the launch of the PSLV not far away, it had been decided that work should begin on the next class of launch vehicles, intended to place larger satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), and thus a launcher partly derived from the PSLV design, but featuring large liquid strap-on motors and a cryogenic upper-stage motor, was devised -the Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle. 2000)Major achievement which seems to have gone largely unnoticed is ISRO’s successful ground testing of the cryogenic engine on November 15, 2007. This test - conducted for its full flight duration of 720 seconds at the Liquid Propulsion test facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, puts India on the world map of cutting edge rocket propulsion technology. Only five other nations - The US, Russia, Japan, China and France - currently have this capability. Cryogenicengines are im portant for launch of satellites, particularly of the INSAT variety which operate from a geostationary orbit, some 36,000 km above earth’s surface. To launch these, ISRO uses a vehicle called GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle). This vehicle has three stages of which the third - and the most critical - stage is a cryogenic stage Sofar, India uses a Russian-made cryogenic engine. But with this recent test, the decks are cleared for using an indigenous engine for the next GSLV (GSLV-D3) launch, expected in 2008. Cryogenics studies behavior of materials at very low temperatures - below minus 150 ° Celsius (minus 238 ° Fahrenheit or 123 ° Kelvin) - as found in the upper atmosphere. The cryogenic engine, which uses a combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel, needs to run forover 700 seconds for GSLV launches. Space Capsule Recovery Experiment The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1) is an Indian experimental spacecraft which was launched at 03:53 GMT on January 10, 2007 from Shriharikota by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The launch was conducted using the PSLV C7 rocket, along with three other satellites. It remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earths atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal at 04:16 GMT on January 22. The SRE 1 was designed to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. It was also intended to test reusable Thermal Protection System, navigation, guidance and control, hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication blackout, deceleration and flotation system and recovery operations. Chandrayaan-1 First mission to the Moon launched by Indias national space agency the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft by a modified version of the PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Shriharikota, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh about 80 km north of Chennai at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC). The mission is a major boost to Indias space program, as India joins Asian nations China and Japan in exploring the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on8 November 2008. On November 14, 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Moon-orbiting Chandrayaan at 20:06 and impacted the lunar South Pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. The MIP impacted near the crater Shackleton, at the lunar south pole, at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing subsurface debris that could be analyzed for presence of water ice. The estimated cost for the project is Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million). The remote sensing lunar satellite had a weight of 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) at launch and 675 kilograms (1,488 lb) in lunar orbit and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The Polar Regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. Objectives The stated scientific objectives of the mission are: To design, develop, launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moonusing an Indian-made launch vehicle. Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will yield the following results: Preparation of a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both the near and far side of the Moon. Chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements Magnesium, Aluminium, Silic on, Calcium, Iron, Titanium, Radon, Uranium, Thorium. The impact of a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe - MIP) on the surface on the Moon as a fore-runner to future soft-landing missions. Specifications Mass:1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasing the impactor. Dimensions: Cuboid in shape of approximately 1. 5 m Communications: X band, 0. 7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency. Power: The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includes one solar panel covering a total area of 2. 15 x 1. 8 m generating 700 W of power, which is stored in a 36 A ·h lithium-ion battery. The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon. Specific areas of study High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north and south polar regions. Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, especially at thelunar poles. Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks. Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitkin Region (SPAR), where interior material may be expected. Tomap the height variation of the lunar surface features. Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moons surface with 5 m resolution To provide new insights in understanding the Moons origin and evolution. Payloads:  ®TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera,  ®HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager,  ®LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instr ument,  ®C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,  ®HEX is a High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer, ®MIP or the Moon Impact Probe Major achievements 1962:Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR); formed by the Department of Atomic Energy, and work on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near Trivandrum began. 1963: First sounding rocket launched from TERLS on November 21, 1963. 1965: Space Science Technology Centre (SSTC) established in Thumba. 1967: Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station set up at Ahmadabad. 1972: Space Commission and Department of Space set up. 1975: First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata, launched (April 19, 1975). 1976: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted. 1979: Bhaskara-1, an experimental satellite launched. First experimental launch of SLV-3 with Rohini satellite on board failed. 1980: Second experimental launch of SLV-3 Rohini satellite successfully placed in orbit. 1981: APPLE, an experimental geostationary communication satellite successfully launched on June 19. 1981: Bhaskara-II launched on November 20. 1982: INSAT-1A launched (April); deactivated in September. 1983: Second launch of SLV-3. RS-D2 placed in orbit. INSAT-1B launched. 1984: Indo-Soviet manned space mission (April). Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to reach space. 1987: ASLV with SROSS-1 satellite on board launched. 1988: First Indian remote sensing satellite, IRS-1A launched. INSAT-1C launched (July). Abandoned in November. 1990: INSAT-1D launched successfully. 1991: Launch of second operational Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-1B (August). 1992: Third developmental launch ofASLV with SROCC-C on board (May). Satellite placed in orbit. First indigenously built satellite INSAT-2A launched successfully. 1993: INSAT-2B launched in July successfully. First developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-1E on board fails. 1994: Fourth developmental launch of ASLV successful (May). Second developmental launch of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) with IRS-P2 successfully (October). 1995: INSAT-2C launched in December. Third operational IRS (IRS) launched. 1996: Third developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-P3 successful (March). 1997: INSAT-2D launched in June became inoperational in October. Arabsat1C, since renamed INSAT-2DT, acquired in November. First operational launch of PSLV with IRS-1D successful (September). 1998: INSAT system capacity augmented with the readiness of INSAT-2DT acquired from Arabsat (January). 1999: INSAT-2E the last satellite in the multi-purpose INSAT-2 series, launched by Ariane from Kourou French Guyana (April 3, 1999). IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT), launched by Polar Satellite launch vehicle (PSLV-C2) along with Korean KITSAT-3 and German DLR-TUBSAT from Shriharikota(26 May 1999). 2000: INSAT-3B was launched on 22 M arch 2000. 2001: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-D1 (GSLV-D1), the first developmental launch of GSLV with GSAT-1 onboard partially successful. 2002: INSAT-3C launched successfully by Arianespace (January), PSLV-C4 launches KALPANA-1 (September). 2003: GSLV-D2, the second developmental launch of GSLV with GSAT-2 successful (May). 2004: First operational flight of GSLV (F01) successfully launches EDUSAT (September). 2005: Launch of CARTOSAT and HAMSAT by PSLV-C6 from the second launch pad (Universal Launch Pad) (May). INSAT 4A Launched successfully by the European Ariane-5G. 2006: Second operational flight of GSLV (F02) unsuccessful July 10, 2006. GSLV-F02 was carrying INSAT-4C. 2007: Successful launch of CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on PSLV C7 on January 10, 2007. 2007: SRE-1 splashed down in the Bay of Bengal on January 22, 2007 and was successfully recovered by the Indian Coast Guard and Indian Navy, making India one of the few countries to have re-entry technology. 2007: INSAT-4B successfully launched by Arianespace on March 12. 2007: PSLV-C8 successfully places an Italian satellite, AGILE into its orbit on April 23. 2007:Successful launch of GSLV (GSLV-F04) with INSAT-4CR on board from SDSC SHAR on September 2. 2008: PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR satellite under a commercial contract with AntrixCorporation on January 21. 2008:PSLV-C9 successfully launches CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign nanosatellites from Shriharikota on April 28 2008:PSLV-C11 successfully launches CHANDRAYAAN-1 fromSriharikota on October 22. Satellite Launch Vehicles Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) -an all-solid four-stage satellite launch vehicle. The SLV can place 40 kg into low earth orbit. Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) -an all-solid five-stage satellite launch vehicle. The ASLV can place 150 kg into low earth orbit. Present Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) -a four-stage rocket with liquid and solid stages. The PSLV can place 1600 kg into polar sun synchronous orbit. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark I/II (GSLV-I/II) -a three-stage rocket with solid, liquid and cryostages. The GSLV can place 2200 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Future Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV-III) -a three-stage rocket with solid, liquid and cryostages. The GSLV can place 4000-6000 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) -a small remote-piloted scramjet vehicle called AVATAR. The RLV will place small satellites into LEO and can be reused for at least 100 launches reducing the cost of launching satellites Launch facilities ISRO operates 3 launch stations: Thumba (TERLS -Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station/Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Kerala) Shriharikota (SRLS -Shriharikota Rocket Launching Station/Satish Dhawan Space Center, Andhra Pradesh). Balasore (BRLS -Balasore RocketLaunching Station, Orissa). The Shriharikota range is used for launch of satellites and multi-stage rockets. The launch station has two launch pads including the newest Universal Launch Pad. The two launch pads allow the station to hold up to 6 launches per year. The other two launch facilities are capable of launching sounding rockets, and other small rockets that dont produce spent stages. Comparison with other space agencies It is suggested that in terms of technical expertise and experience, ISRO is close to other major Asian space programs, especially China, and in some respects to Japan. Continued development of reliable and cost-effective launch platforms are expected to see commercial costs of launching payloads on Indian rockets fall, perhaps by as much as fifty percent. Once established, the Indian GSLV-III should be able to place 4000 to 6000 kg payloads into GTO Despite ISROs modest funding, it appears to have achieved reasonable successes . India is counted amongst the six major space powersof the world, and is among the top nations in Asia in terms of success and future potential in space. Indian launch vehicles have the capacity for human spaceflight, however, ISRO has stated that it can achieve all Indias commercial and scientific needs through unmanned spaceflight alone, raising the question of whether a crewed spaceflight will occur.

Definition of Monopsony

Definition of Monopsony Monopsony is a market structure in which there is only one buyer of a good or service. If there is only one customer for a certain good, that customer has monopsony power in the market for that good. Monopsony is analogous to monopoly, but monopsony has market power on the demand side rather than on the supply side. A common theoretical implication is that the price of the good is pushed down near the cost of production. The price is not predicted to go to zero because if it went below where the suppliers are willing to produce, they wont produce. Market power is a continuum from perfectly competitive to monopsony and there is an extensive practice/industry/science of measuring the degree of market power. As an example, for workers in an isolated company town, created by and dominated by one employer, that employer is a monopsonist for some kinds of employment. For some kinds of U.S. medical care, the government program Medicare is a monopsony.

The Building of the Progressive Field Research Paper

The Building of the Progressive Field - Research Paper Example The Gateway project was a major achievement in that it was the first successful construction of two fields at the same location. In the project, the progressive Field, then known as Jacobs Field, was the first to be completed and is heralded as the first baseball-only facility in the US. The Progressive Field was built as part of the Gateway project which envisioned better sports in downtown Cleveland. It was multi-phased strategy to develop a large sports complex in Cleveland and which Sasaki would provide the desired designs It was a sophisticated strategy aimed at revitalizing of the economy through consensus building. The master plan had an important objective of incorporating the entertainment and sports aspects into the downtown areas. This idea would serve as a catalyst for economic growth by opening space fabric in the downtown city. Therefore, before plans for a baseball stadium and a basketball arena were floated, there existed a dream of a domed stadium on the same site. I n the early 1980s, the Cleveland Browns and the Cleveland Indians had complained and grumbled about the state of the aging Cleveland Stadium, which had housed them for many years. The fact that the stadium was 50 years old did not help matters and this kept fans away from cheering their teams. The project was kick started in 1984 when county voters in Cleveland defeated a proposed increase in property tax to fund the construction of a new dome shaped stadium. The Mayor had proposed a 0.9-mill increase in the property tax and would affect home owners.

ROWE Program at Best Buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ROWE Program at Best Buy - Essay Example Plachy & Plachy (1998) also confirms that ROWE assists managers to design feasible ways of improving their output. Best Buy, for instance, is an international company that applies the ROWE program. This paper, in effect, explores ROWE program at Best Bay using various subheadings. Culture of Best Buy Best Buy Co., Inc. is an international electronic retailer that majorly sells in the United States, Mexico, United Kingdom, Turkey, China, and Canada. As an important aspect of the culture in Best Buy, the organization holds close social media as a form of empowering its employees. In other words, the company reaps massive productive gain through proper application of social media. Gibson & Billings (2003) points out three important social media tools applied in Best Buy. The Loop Marketplace, as one tool, involves replacing traditional suggestion box, where employees submit and share ideas, with specific market meeting points. Instead of collecting opinions of customers using suggestion boxes, the company identifies specific marketplaces where customers could converge and air out their views. As a second tool, Best Buy applies the Prediction Market tool to predict future market behaviors. Through prediction strategy, the organization designs suitable ways of controlling both supply and price of its products. The third social media tool the company has productively implemented is the Blue Shirt Nation. The latter tool involves diverting focus from improvement of pension schemes to modification of IT systems. Application of modern technological advancements has created a work environment where both employees and employers could freely interact. Approach to Organizational Change that ROWE Program Illustrates Gibson & Billings (2003) asserts that Best Buy has transformed its workplace by demolishing old systems where physical presence of a worker is equated to productivity of the worker. That is, from the name of the program, â€Å"results-only work environment,† Best Buy has focused on productivity of an employee, as an organizational change. Delmont (2005) also supports that the program in Best Buy objects at judging performance of a workforce on its output instead of duration spent in a meeting or in an office. Practically, ROWE program allows employees in the company to enter and exit their workplaces at any time of the day. There is no penalty or fine to an employee arriving after the official opening hours or leaving before the official business hours. Delmont (2005) summarizes that the program perceives work as something to do but not somewhere to go. The company is, therefore, interested in knowing whether work is satisfactorily completed. Through ROWE program, two major positive outcomes have been felt in the company. Overall employee satisfactory has shoot up following improvement in every department. Also report by Gallup, an organization that audits corporate cultures, indicates that the company’s productivity has climb ed up by 35% (Delmont, 2005). Resistance ROWE program at Best Buy Faces Even though ROWE program has significant effects in improvement of overall productivity of an organization and employees satisfaction, it, however, faces certain challenges. Resistance often comes from staffs members who appear to be

Social Capital and how it Influences Migration Essay Example for Free

Social Capital and how it Influences Migration Essay Several scholars have given varying definitions of the term social capital. Social capital is a term used to refer to: â€Å"features of social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit† (Putman 67). Fukuyama, another scholar, refers to it as an instantiated norm that is informal in nature and promotes cooperation among the members (1). Among the various definitions suggested by different scholars, the key notion they all agree to; is that social capital can only be present within relationships (Fukuyama 1). In these relationships, co-operation is facilitated by shared norms and understanding among the individuals involved for mutual benefit. Unlike human capital that is attributed to an individual, the whole concept of social capital involves social connectedness, neighborliness, civic involvement, trust, reciprocity and norms of co-operation. Researchers have been able to prove individuals with high levels of social capital tend to have higher educational achievements, better health, better jobs and less criminal activities. Social capital is a result of co-operation among individuals who share a similar status within the situation, have common objectives and are guided by particular customs. Certain aspects of the social structure facilitate social capital, aspects such as common historical backgrounds and shared religion. Repeated community interactions lead to the rising of numerous co-operative norms that set the basis for spontaneous generation of social capital. The shared norms and beliefs that persons ought to or ought not to act in a certain way determine the extent to which individuals interacts, for example vacating a seat for an expectant woman on the bus. From time to time, people experience social needs that they have to satisfy. Socially, an individual is helpless if left all by himself and must interact wi th other in order to generate social capital to satisfy his needs. Human needs that are non-social in nature and can be satisfied without assistance from other individuals are very few making the satisfaction of both social and non-social products of a single process. Fukuyama asserts that: shared historical experience can shape informal norms and produce social capital (16). Individuals with similar historic backgrounds tend to share a set of norms that in turn lead to co-operation amongst themselves. Religion is a significant contributor to the larger social capital theory by setting some common grounds for co-ordination among its followers. Over the years, religious institutions have been governed by a set of regulations that its members have to adhere to giving rise to certain norms among the community of members. Sometimes social capital is generated for specific purposes; Individuals may create social networks that will enable him/her achieve a specific objective. Reciprocity norms results in the generation of social capital as it creates in an individual the need and willingness to help others. The desire for better living has also facilitated the generation of social capital where Individuals can acquire and accumulate other forms of capital through social capital. Both formal and informal networks form the basis of social capital concept. Alberto Douglas confirm that there has been the emergence of social structures based on kinship or friendship. Those related socially to migrants; current migrants or former migrants can access social capital significantly increasing their likelihood of migration (Alberto, Douglas, et al1272). The hypothesis has been time and again invoked to give an insight to the concentration of particular types of migrants in certain areas and the magnitude of their migration. Migration is facilitated by Migrant Networks; interpersonal connections that link migrants, non-migrants, and former migrants to one another th rough shared community origin. (Alberto, Douglas, et al., 1262). These set of networks are as a result of the already generated social capital. International migration is further fueled by core families already settled in which out-migrants cohere and the established social institutions campaigning in favor of migration. This kind of a connection increase the chances of International migration since the cost and risk involved in the movement is substantially lowered. Chances of out-migration increase each time a relation relocates to a different location. â€Å"Over time migrant networks become self-sustaining as a result of the social capital that they provide to prospective migrants† (Alberto, Douglas, et al., 1286). This fact is commonly observed among siblings where the younger siblings are more likely to follow suit after the elder ones. The migrant families over time establish themselves first by building social networks among themselves and then with the rest of the local population as they accumulate experiences. The migrant grows to the point where it can sustain itself and continues to admit more migrants into its social relationship. This kind of setup is a social tie the makes it simple for the out-migrants to settle in as it provides a link between sending and receiving communities. Through social network with relatives or friends, the migrants can secure housing, jobs or even financial assistance. Complementary social roles and interpersonal relationships maintained by an informal set of expectations and prescribed behavior keep in bondage both migrants and non-migrants through social capital. This kind of social capital generates over time by virtue of being in a similar region under similar circumstances and not by the migratory process. Through such social ties, those left behind by the migrants can mitig ate the loneliness of having a loved one away from them. The migrants also draw upon these ties to share the often, not so favorable conditions of life in exile. The types of social capital people generate while relating to each other are very multidimensional in nature. Different network structures present a different social capital, the goal to be achieved being the determining factor. Social capital can be specific in nature when it is generated specifically to satisfy a given situation, i.e.; some kinds of ties are more important for the attainment of particular goals. This network is only instrumental in the achievement of the task. For example, sales managers sitting to strategize on the means to boost the sales of a new product through promotions. Close ties are often than not general social capital and are in most cases informal promoting the well-being of the individual members. Example, offering advice, spiritual support et. Cetera. References Alberto Palloni, Douglas S. Massey, Michael Spittel, Kristin Espinosa, Miguel Ceballos and Michael Spittel. â€Å"Social Capital and International Migration.†American Journal of Sociology. 106. 5 (2001): 1262-1298. PrinDouglas Massey, Rafael Alarcon, Jorge Durand, Humberto Gonzales. Return to Aztlan: The social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley: University of California press, 1987. Print.Francis Fukuyama. â€Å"Social Capital and Civil Society.†Conference on Second Generation. (1999): web 15 Nov. 2008. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htmPettigrew, T. F. Annual Review of Psychology† Intergroup contact theory. 49.2 (1998):65-85. Print. Putnam, R. â€Å"America’s declining social capital Journal of Democracy† Bowling Alone.6.1 (1995): 65-78. Print. Source document

Essay example --

The NFL contract was pretty reasonable but indeed long. It states various considerations of promises for each party before a signing shall take place. It is enforceable because it states promises, valuable consideration, and offer and acceptance. As a member, you must meet all promises stated on contract. Your responsibilities are such things as obeying rules, maintaining performance/skills, and maintain physical conditions. Also, some damages/liabilities could be injury, deductions and termination. I felt that the contract states possible damages clearly to all parties. If these were not states clearly, and agreement between the two parties would not have been reached. Breach of contract can be defined as a broken contract, stemming from failure to fulfill any term of a contract without a justifiable, lawful excuse. A possible breach can result in a possible law suit or even a termination. That is why it is important for both parties to understand all promises and to reach an understandable agreement between the two parties. Contract breaches have a bad impact on small busi...

African Americans in the Revolutionary War

Before the Revolutionary War even began, slaves started to realize that the promises to secure their freedom from England and reduce the amount of slaves were seemingly unlikely. The African Americans were segregated and determined as free or enslaved. The Atlantic Slave Trade was setup to be a successful business in the 18th century , it sent slaves to southern states that specialized in agriculture. Slavery in the North was also legal and accepted as well. However, some colonies did allow free African Americans. Even though they had their freedom, rights of these African Americans were still confined.Black Codes consisted of stipulations such as, prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, and not allowing them the ability to testify against a white person in court. These codes made it hard to really feel like they had freedom and were in no way shape or form equal to a free white American. At the beginning of the American Revolution, African Americans were d emanded to choose whether to rebel, or to stay committed to the crown. Many African American slaves fought with Britain in the war because they were promised their freedom once again.A significant amount of African American slaves died during the Revolution, some of them got away but not very many. In the United States at this time, about 95% of the African Americans living here were enslaved. They were used by the white Americans during the war because of this. In 1777 George Washington approved the right for African American slaves to enlist, but only a small percentage actually did. A lot of the Northerners thought that the south using slaves on the front line was cruel and that the south needed their slaves in order to continue growing their economy.This made the South seem incompetent without their slaves. The African Americans fought for the United States and England. This was not right to use them and the British even used their heads to make them join and fight against the U nited States. The African Americans could win their freedom and go against their masters. Crispus Attucks was a black man who was considered the first death of the American Revolution. He yelled out â€Å"Don’t be afraid! †, and led a group of protesters against the British soldiers. I believe that the Boston Massacre was one of the final straws for the need of independence.An African American named Paul Cuffe, helped the American colonies by supplying them with goods and sneaking them past British ships. Another African American who was a minute man during the Boston Massacre was Lemuel Haynes. Salem Poor was one of the African American soldiers who fought at Bunker Hill. It is said that he shot Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie, a British officer. Prince Whipple was born in Africa and sold into American slavery at a young age. His master was William Whipple who he fought alongside in the war, but even though he did this he remained a slave throughout the revolutio n.He was was one of the 20 African American slaves who signed the New Hamshire Legislature which was asking for the elimination of slavery within this state. African-Americans were a very helpful and prominent part in fighting at Concord, Lexington, and Bunker Hill. James Armistead successfully petitioned his master to allow him to serve with the Marquis de LaFayette and he became a double agent in General LaFayette's service. He pretended to be a Loyalist slave spying on the Americans and invaded the Bristish General, Charles Cornwallis’s headquarters.All of the knowledge he gave to LaFayette helped the Americans win at the battle of Yorktown. LaFayette was so impressed with his doing that he actually petitioned the Virginia legislature to give him his freedom. When Lafayette saw Armistead in a crowd he called him by name and hugged him in public. James Armistead’s accomplishments in the revolution were so prominent and uplifting. My favorite African American idol dur ing the revolution to learn about is Phillis Wheatley. Not only because she is an intelligent and fortifying women but also for her poetry and strength to find a passion during these times.She was the first African American woman to have her work published as an American poet. . She was born in Gambia, Africa as a slave child and took her name from the Phillis, the slave ship that brought her to Boston and from her master, John Wheatley. Wheatley was a huge supporter of America freedom as well as African American slaves freedom. She published a collection of poems including one that was a memorial for the Boston Massacre. Phillis also wrote a poem for George Washington that she mailed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, the headquarters for the commander in chief.Washington happily replied with an invitation to come and visit him. She accepted immediately and met with him in Cambridge. George Washington also passed her story and excitement on to someone he knew in the publishing industry, and her poem was printed several times for the patriot cause. Phillis Wheatley was one of the most renowned poets of the eighteenth century. She was the first African-American to publish a book of imaginative writing and the first to start the African-American literary tradition.She combined religion and neo-classicism in her poems and most of her poems propose an escape from slavery. She rejoices death and the rewards and liberty of life after death. Mary Wheatley, the daughter of the family, taught her Latin, religion, English and literature. Apparently brilliant and with an ability for learning, Phillis became fluent in English. She was able to read passages from the bible and also showed interest towards astronomy, geography, history, Latin and Greek classics and British literature. Soon enough she was considered as a full-fledged poet in the art.Wheatley was influenced by the religious beliefs of her master and hence accepted Christianity as her religion. Her story is so outsta nding to me and the most powerful and prominent of them all. Even though she wasn’t actually fighting in the revolutionary war she was making a difference in history, fighting for what she believed in and following her heart and passion. To me this is just as worthy as enlisting in the war. In many ways, George Washington himself embodied the Revolution's mixed message for African Americans.Like many of the Founding Fathers, Washington owned slaves throughout his life and was influenced by contemporary racist views about African inferiority. Initially opposed to black enlistment in the Continental Army, Washington reluctantly agreed to allow certain free blacks to fight after Lord Dunmore's proclamation threatened to bring black patriots over to the British cause. In time the valor of his patriotic black soldiers and his friendship with antislavery advocates such as the Marquis de LaFayette convinced Washington that slavery was economically unsound as well as morally wrong.Ye t he maintained an ambiguous stance toward the institution, anxious to avoid fracturing the delicate sectional balance crafted at the Constitutional Convention. Washington's relationship with African Americans, like that of the new nation itself, was contradictory. He believed in â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† but signed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, he viewed slavery as a moral evil but did not free his own slaves until after his death. This is baffling to me.Over five thousand African Americans had a role in the fight for the Independence of United States. I believe that the African Americans played just as big of a role in the Revolution as every other white American soldier. Works Cited http://fas-history. rutgers. edu/clemens/AfricanAmericansRevolution. html http://www2. coloradocollege. edu/Dept/HY/HY243Ruiz/Research/revolution. html http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/learning_history/revolution/revolution_slavery. cfm

Revenge in “Medea”, by Euripides, and “The House of the Spirits” by Isabel Allende

Often, when someone commits evil deeds, it causes the victim to take action. This, however, may simply escalate the situation to the point where the characters forget about morals and beliefs for retribution. In the novel, The House of the Spirits, by Isabel Allende, and the play, Medea, by Euripides, the characters from both works react intensely to get revenge on others. Although Allende mainly uses effective diction, and Euripides the power of the chorus, both authors challenge the view that when faced with injustice, defiance is the solution. In The House of the Spirits, Allende’s use of diction enhances the injustice that Esteban Garcia ll must confront, but also to emphasize the consequences of such confrontation. To begin, he loathes Esteban Trueba for raping his grandmother, Pancha, the cause for his revenge. During the death of Pedro Garcia, Allende details Esteban Garcia’s hatred for Esteban Trueba: â€Å"[h]e hated Esteban Trueba†¦ Trueba had forgotten all about Pancha Garcia and the fact that he had had a child with her†¦ [Esteban Garcia] would lie awake at night imagining all sorts of dreadful illnesses and accidents that could put an end to the life of [Esteban Trueba]†¦ [Esteban Garcia] always reproached Trueba for the dark existence he had forged for him, and he felt constantly punished† (Allende, 189). Evidently, Esteban Garcia has passionate contempt for his grandfather, rooted by the transgression he commits by raping Garcias grandmother. Allende emphasizes his hatred by using harsh diction, such as: â€Å"dreadful, reproached, dark, forged, [and] punished†. This depicts the extent to which Garcia regards such actions as injustice. Later in the novel, the consequences of getting revenge on Esteban Trueba are revealed. As Alba writes about her family history with Esteban Trueba, she discusses, â€Å"[Alba] wrote in [her] mind that one day Colonel Garcia would stand before [her] in defeat and that [she] would avenge [her]self on all those who need to be avenged. But now [she has] begun to question [her] own hatred†¦ Afterward the grandson of the woman who was raped repeats the gesture with the granddaughter of the rapist, and perhaps forty years from now [Alba’s] grandson will knock Garcia’s granddaughter down among the rushes, and so on through the centuries in an unending tale of sorrow, blood, and love† (431-432). Allende explores the inevitability of retribution, that revenge will always take place because the two families would continue to see injustice in the way their ancestors deal with situations. Effective diction is used to intensify the reader’s feelings about this, such as â€Å"repeats, so on through the centuries, [and] unending†, which enhances the feeling of continuity, and therefore negativity, in the consequences. She also uses gloomy words, like â€Å"sorrow† and â€Å"blood† to deliver the message that such consequences are also gloomy and unfavourable. To summarize, Allende indicates that revenge should not be taken as a result of injustice, through the manipulation of diction. Similarly, in Medea, Euripides illustrates that injustice is not necessarily resolved when the victim seeks vengeance. However, he uses the ability to communicate directly to his audience, instead of elaborate words with deep meanings. The use of the chorus, along with rhetorical questions, aids Euripides in conveying his message to his audience. Euripides uses the chorus to emphasize the difficulties that Medea must cope with, but also to emphasize the immorality in the way she chooses to resolve the situation. To begin, the chorus is used to depict the injustice that Medea is faced with. When Creon banishes Medea from the city of Corinth, the chorus sympathizes for Medea by saying, â€Å"[h]apless woman! Overwhelmed by sorrow! Where will you turn? What stranger will afford you hospitality? † (Euripides, 45. 359-360). Clearly, the chorus is feeling sympathy toward Medea, as they exclaim her feelings and worry about her future. In the ancient Greek setting of this play, the audience would confirm what their feelings toward the play should be through the chorus. This would therefore cause the audience to feel sympathy for Medea as well, and Euripides would succeed in making the audience realize the injustice that Medea faces. The use of the two rhetorical questions also emphasizes this feeling. If the all-knowing chorus cannot even answer these questions, there must not be any answer, and Medea must really have nowhere to go. Further into the play, however, the chorus’s opinion on Medea changes when she reveals her plot to get revenge on Jason for causing her misery. When she announces her intention of killing Jason’s new family, the chorus asks. â€Å"Whence you got the hardihood to conceive such a plan? And in the horrible act, as you bring death on your own children, how will you steel your heart and hand? When you cast your eyes on them, your own children, will you not weep that you should be their murderess? † (58. 843-847). Suddenly, the chorus is against Medea, and the audience would follow this dramatic turn. Through the use of rhetoric, Euripides shows that any rational person should not plan as such, should not be able to â€Å"steel† themselves, and should not be able to murder her own children without weeping. As Medea begins lose her ability to think ethically, Euripides demonstrates Medea’s immorality because she descends too deep in the choices she makes to resolve her problems. The rhetorical style enables the audience to be engaged and actually think about the situation as they try to answer the question. This is in contrast to the way Allende shows the irrational decisions people tend to make in their attempts to confront injustice. Allende uses elaborate diction that effectively portrays the negativity in both situations, whereas Eurpides has the option to engage his audience directly. However, both authors, despite having their own methods, succeed in proving that defiance tends to go out of control, when it either lasts continuously causes the characters to forget how to act morally. In conclusion, both Allende and Euripides take different routes to reveal their underlying purpose: that seeking revenge is not necessarily the correct path to take when faced with injustice. The phrase â€Å"two wrongs do not make a right† has a powerful effect in both works, as it causes permanent retaliations of â€Å"wrongs† and results in the disregard for ethics and morals. Overall, it can be seen that people tend to reciprocate injustice due to their desire for retribution.

Assassination Attempt on Mussolini

Assassination Attempt on Mussolini At 10:58 a.m. on April 7, 1926, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini  was heading back to his car after having just given a speech in Rome to the International Congress of Surgeons when a bullet nearly ended his life. Irish aristocrat Violet Gibson shot at Mussolini, but because he turned his head at the last moment, the bullet went through Mussolinis nose instead of his head. Gibson was caught immediately but never explained why she wanted to assassinate Mussolini. Assuming she was insane at the time of the shooting, Mussolini let Gibson go back to Great Britain, where she spent the rest of her life in a sanatorium.   The Assassination Attempt In 1926, Benito Mussolini had been the prime minister of Italy for four years and his schedule, like every countrys leader, was full and hectic. Having already met with Duke dAosta at 9:30 a.m. on April 7, 1926, Mussolini was driven to the capitol building in Rome to speak at the Seventh International Congress of Surgeons.   After Mussolini finished his speech praising modern medicine, he walked outside toward his car, a black Lancia, that was waiting to whisk Mussolini away. In the large crowd that had been waiting outside the capitol building for Mussolini to emerge, no one paid any attention to 50-year-old Violet Gibson. Gibson was easy to dismiss as a threat for she was small and thin, wore a worn black dress, had long, gray hair that was loosely pinned up, and gave off the general air of being disheveled. As Gibson stood outside near a lamppost, no one realized that she was both mentally unstable and carried a Lebel revolver in her pocket. Gibson had a prime spot. As Mussolini headed to his car, he got within just a foot of Gibson. She raised her revolver and pointed it at Mussolinis head. She then fired at near point-blank range. At nearly that exact time, a student band started playing Giovinezza, the National Fascist Partys official hymn. Once the song started, Mussolini turned to face the flag and snapped to attention, bringing his head back just enough for the bullet fired by Gibson to nearly miss him. A Bleeding Nose Rather than passing into Mussolinis head, the bullet passed through part of Mussolinis nose, leaving burn marks on both of his cheeks. Although onlookers and his staff were worried that the wound could be serious, it was not. Within minutes, Mussolini reappeared, wearing a large bandage over his nose. Mussolini was most surprised that it was a woman who had tried to kill him. Just after the attack, Mussolini murmured, A woman! Fancy, a woman! What Happened to Victoria Gibson? After the shooting, Gibson was grabbed by the crowd, pummeled, and nearly lynched on the spot. Policemen, however, were able to save her and bring her in for questioning. No real motive for the shooting was discovered and it is believed that she was insane when she attempted the assassination. Interestingly, rather than having Gibson killed, Mussolini had her deported back to Britain, where she spent her remaining years in a mental asylum. * Benito Mussolini as quoted in ITALY: Mussolini Trionfante TIME Apr. 19, 1926. Retrieved on March 23, 2010. Source time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,729144-1,00.html

Newsletters versus Blogging

Newsletters versus Blogging While I hate giving away my age, years ago newsletters were fresh and new. The goal was to direct people to your website, and from there you sell your wares. Were talking 15-20 years. Few people could do newsletters, and there were few email delivery services that could handle a newsletter. Most people didnt want to pay for what an email could do anyway. That was the time period that FundsforWriters was born. It was cool to be in magazines. After a few years, when I had graduated to four newsletters, and the Internet was becoming popular and THE place to be. . . when Amazon was fledgling but strong. . . folks came up with a blog. Blogger.com exploded in popularity, and everybody decided they needed a blog. The argument arose whether you needed a blog or a website. The clock ticked on. . . blogs got creative with WordPress, websites incorporated blogs, and social media stepped up its game. Newsletters became passe. Everyone was everywhere, so what was the need? Podcasts, YouTube, SoundCloud, etc. came alive, and audiobooks took off. It was more attractive to see and hear someone. The trend was to become more interactive. Then suddenly blogs were history. . . and newsletters came back to life. I laughed the entire time, because I knew they would. Newsletters could be personal without intrusion. Some people dont have time to listen to talking heads. /Â  . The goal now is to attract people to your newsletter via blog. Listen. . . if you had jumped on every bandwagon spouted over the last 20 years, youve have bounced all over the place trying to be seen, heard, read, and followed. Youd be frustrated. You may or may not have a substantial readership because you were inconsistent. The lesson is. . . decide what works for you and work it to its fullest. Remember your focus. And understand that trends come and go, but your dear name is precious. Protect it

FEMA apply some aspects of administrative law in that particular Essay

FEMA apply some aspects of administrative law in that particular agency - Essay Example Indirect effects include increased security measures in busy public places such as airports leading to delays, emotional trauma due to reports and images released on the terrorist attacks on the press, significant drops in stock values and stereotype suffered by those who profess the Muslim religion. Since the World War II, the 21st century has been faced with increased terrorist attacks. The heinous acts of terror have forced many nations to increase their war on terrorism to safeguard their citizens. The fight against terrorism has taken a new shape and it is now a trend that can only be referred to as globalization and terrorism. Many countries have integrated for them to fit in a globalised world that fights terrorism through geopolitics and technological advancements. It is through this international system of globalization that war on terror started which is also referred to as the global war on terrorism. This international military campaign started after 9/11 attacks in the U nited States. The main aim of this campaign is to eliminate world militant groups such as al-Qaeda (Bahgat, 2003). The participants of the global war include the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Kenya, Australia, Lebanon, Tanzania and Uganda among others. This study is important since it brings to the light the efforts that the U.S. Government has put in place amid increased terror attacks. This research further shows the sensitivity of terrorism that requires not only the U.S. but also other government’s cooperation to fight acts of terror. This study also seeks to analyze how terrorism has taken shape in the modern world and the effects it has caused the United States. Literature review Twelve years have passed since the deadliest attack on the American soil in September 11, 2011. This happened when two hijacked planes were flown into twin towers of New York. The effects were devastating as 3000 lives were lost. Since then, America has been engaged in glob al war against terrorism. Specifically, it has gone an extra mile by protracting war in Iraq and Afghanistan that are base countries for the al-Qaeda terrorist group (Coady, 2004). Many speeches have been made to condemn the terrorist actions by the chairperson of the counter- terrorism committee and sitting presidents of the United States. Ambassador Apakan, the chairperson of the counter- terrorism committee told the committee to remain vigilant and resilient as ever and fighting terrorism and that should remain the top objective of the international community. President George W. Bush who was the sitting president during the 9/11 attacks stated that although the war on terrorism would take a while, Americans should remain patient. He also made remarks that the war of Americans on terror began with al-Qaeda, but that would not be the end until every single terrorist group within the global reach is found, stopped and defeated. True to their words of motivation, the U.S. could have immensely contributed to curbing terrorism. The initial stages to curb the acts of terror were founded on peaceful resolutions that were held between President Clinton and Saddam Hussein in 1998. The United States collaborated with like-minded ally countries like the United Kingdom and France by declaring Iraq a no fly zone to protect the Kurdish and Shiat population from Saddam Hussein’s administration attacks. In the same year, Clinton also signed the Iraq Liberation Act

Advise the Prime Minister and Home Secretary of any problems they are Essay

Advise the Prime Minister and Home Secretary of any problems they are likely to encounter with the Order in Council and its provisionsin Parliament - Essay Example This measure because necessary because the PM and Home Secretary deem the acts of Parliament as being insufficient in dealing with terrorism in the UK. Due to that, they seek to get the Privy Council to issue an Order in Council that states that: 1.Human Rights Act 1998 is not applicable to the exercise of the Order 2.The formulation of a special tribunal by the Order in Council for the trying of suspected terrorism and terrorist sympathisers 3.The tribunal could detain suspects for 90 days. The period is renewable. 4.The nomination of a state advocate to represent the suspect. They cannot choose their own representatives. 5.The state advocate of a suspect could not meet with suspects. 6.The tribunal would hear the case in the absence of the suspect and the state advocate would be appointed to represent the interest of the suspect. 7.Guilty persons will be detained indefinitely and not allowed to meet their visitors. 8.Suspects would be subjected to â€Å"harsh but realistic† regime of incarceration [possibly, torture] 9.There would be no right for appeal for the suspects when they are convicted. 10.There would be no press reports of any type related to the suspects and their hearings. The paper provides an advice for the Prime Minister and Home Secretary on the problems they are likely to encounter with the Order in Council and its provisions. This would be done in relation to Parliament and to the Courts. The courts in the UK are required to operate within the fundamental and primary framework of laws in the UK that are a valid part of the laws of the land. This include the traditional sources of UK law and other sources of the law in the country.

Extra 10 pages as requested by the writer for assignments 210 Essay

Extra 10 pages as requested by the writer for assignments 210 - Essay Example 2) 3) VWith change in supply voltage ,we observe a very small change in output. While change in load current corresponds to more change in outputVoltage than previous case but still very small and negligible. 4 ) Assignment 6 1) The MOSFETs or Metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor is the most widely used electronic device,especially in the design of integrated circuits. They are very small in size. They have three modes of operation; Cut off region Triode region Saturation2) D S G GS D 3) 25 A, 400 V 4) Uses :- MOSFET analog switch Power MOSFETs are used in high end audio amplifiers 5) In electronics a comparator is a device which compares two voltages or currents and switches its output to indicate which is larger. A standard op-amp operating without negative feedback can be used as a comparator. When the non-inverting input (V+) is at a higher voltage than the inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp causes it to output the most positive voltage it can. When the non-inverting input (V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the op-amp outputs the most negative voltage it can. The input voltages must not exceed the power voltage range. Application :- A Flash ADC (also known as a Direct... This results in a bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either direction when it is turned on. It can be turned on by either a positive or a negative voltage being applied to its gate electrode. 3) Computers operate using numbers and therefore there needs to be a way for a computer to convert letters (and other "characters") to and from numbers. A set of codes, known as "ASCII" (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) are used. These were initially developed for tasks such as sending documents to printers, and many of the commands make sense in this context. Suppose the number to be printed is (in binary) 01101100; the first step is to convert this into decimal; the answer is 108; this would be represented in the computer by the BCD codes of 0001, 0000, and 1000 (their Hex values of course are 1, 0 and 8). If text is being stored in a computer, it is usually stored as a string (a series of ASCII characters, each one of which is stored as one byte). The formatting characters such as space, carriage return and line feed may be included in the string. Suppose, for example, we wished to store the string Hello world! Including the space between the words, this has 12 characters. It would then be stored (writing the binary in hex) as 6) CMOS devices can

Capital Punishment On Drug Trafficking Criminology Essay

Capital Punishment On Drug Trafficking Criminology Essay With the capital punishment being carried out by China, issues on how it will affect the relations between the Philippines and China emerged. Moreover, there are calls of international organizations such as Amnesty International, International Harm Reduction Association and United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) to abolish death penalty for drug offences. As reiterated by Lines (2007), drug related crimes are not considered as most serious crimes in the International Human Rights Law, therefore, it should not be punishable by capital punishment. The study intends to analyze how capital punishment of OFWs affected the bilateral relations between the Philippines and China and how it violates the International Human Rights Law. Moreover, the study is to assess the policies, treaties and agreements made and signed between the Philippines and China in relation to capital punishment on OFWs. In addition, the study aims to examine why clemency was not granted by China to the OFWs on death row despite of the Philippines appeals and to analyze the effects to the political, economic and social factors between the two countries. Furthermore, the study will contribute to policy developments appropriate for the resolution of the problem. It is significant to engage in this topic for lessening, if not, preventing OFWs from being involved in future drug trafficking cases through the study of Chinese laws governing the execution of capital punishment to foreign drug traffickers. Theoretical Framework of the Study The paper attempts to define a deterrence theory of punishment framework by Cesare Beccaria (1764) and revised by Anthony Ellis (2004) for discussing the issue on capital punishment to overseas Filipino workers in China that are involved in drug related crimes in which within this paper, a better understanding will be cultivated in analyzing the existence of capital punishment on drug related crimes. Under this framework, it could be established that there are negative effects in the outlook of other nations towars countries that are still executing capital punishments. This framework would help justify the reasons why such punishments was formed and implemented. The theory discusses on the different ideas as to why these kind of punishments is being implemented in some states and one of the reasons is that it assumes that those crimes made needs equal sufferings in return and that of which is argued by Ellis that is not morally plausible. Ellis also argued that the deterrence theory is about a concept that crime gives some pleasure and because of that, there is a need for punishment in order to prevent individuals from committing criminal acts again. This theory also justifies the reason of those countries that has capital punishment in a way that criminals should be given heavier punishments like death penalty if the committed crime was grave and detrimental to the state and safety of the public. The deterrence theory of punishment could be defined in which it is the undertaking of punishments of those people who violated a law so that the crime committed will not be done again. In that context alone, it could be understood that deterrence is created to set limitations for people not to abuse its liberties and that is why countries like China who has capital punishment believes in making things right if it will teach law offenders, such as drug traffickers a lesson and to those who has intentions in doing crimes such as drug trafficking will fear of doing such act due to the punishment being given. 2.0 Review of Literature The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is one of the countries in the world that performed the most executions of capital punishment on drug trafficking cases (Amnesty International Death Penalty Statistics, 2011). This statement is also supported by Hays (2008) by explaining how the PRC has executed many people already compared to other countries altogether. The PRC is categorized as an iron fist country that implements the laws equally towards its people, including foreign nationals (Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China, 1997). Drug trafficking is considered as a serious crime and is subjected to capital punishment (Guiang, 2012). It is characterized as an act which involves the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances, which are subject to drug prohibition laws (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2012). According to Bi (2012), there are different factors that need to be considered before the verdict of capital punishment could be decided. The one responsible for the decision and approval of capital punishment cases is given to the Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China, which is the highest judicial court in the country (The Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China, 2009). It is guided by the Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China (1997), which serves as the basis of crimes and the corresponding penalties, wherein it classifies drug trafficking as a crime deemed punishable by capital punishment. The Chinese Government believes that by executing drug traffickers, it would discourage others from committing the same crime, which they termed as the Strike Hard anti-crime campaign (Hays, 2008). At first, drug trafficking cases are not directly subjected to capital punishment, but due to the uniqueness of the Chinese legislation, the possibility of having a verdict of capital punishment becomes higher (Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China 1997). Bi (2012) reiterated that the Chinese legislation has two specific elements, it uses a quantitative model as a basis on estimating the seriousness of the drug trafficking case, and that if the drug trafficker who is caught is a repeated offender; as a result, there is a great chance for the Supreme Peoples Court to approve an execution contributed by previous minor cases, since offenses and penalties are being calculated cumulatively. The step-by-step processes that a drug trafficker go through before an execution, is provided under the Criminal Procedure Law (CPL) of the Peoples Republic of China, which is being handled by the procuratorate, an agency that is tasked to prosecute criminal cases (National Bureau of Corruption Prevention of China, 2009). In accordance with Belkin (2000), there are seven procedures to be observed under the CPL, which are the following: (1) Preliminary Investigation, under articles 84 and 85, the police and the procurate would take actions on a suspected drug trafficker; (2) Filing a Case, the police or the procurator would bring up a case against the drug trafficker that would declare that a crime is officially made; (3) Compelled Appearance, it requires the suspect to present himself to the police station for further questioning; (4) Detention, the part where the suspect is being arrested; (5)Formal Arrest, where the suspect is being held under custody which usually takes about two months or more; (6) Trial Procedures, a process involving three decision makers and the part where the evidences are presented to prove that the suspect is indeed guilty of drug trafficking, and lastly; (7) Sentencing, it is when the court would announce its verdict. It takes about two years a nd beyond for the whole process to be concluded and once the verdict has been made, the sentencing of capital punishment is then given; there is only one way of execution for foreign drug traffickers which is through lethal injection (Lu, 2008). Though, it usually results a verdict of capital punishment if the drug trafficker illegally possesses more than one kilogram of narcotic drugs (Hays, 2008). The Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China (2002) has reformed the capital punishment by conceptualizing distinctive features within the system. It stipulates that minors below 18 years old and pregnant women are automatically exempted from being executed (Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China, 1997). Lu (2008) explained that in the Chinese context, minors are exempted because their intellectual, mental and psychological capacity is not yet fully developed; as a result, minors are unaware of their actions. The capital punishment with a two-year reprieve of execution is one of the unique aspects within the capital punishment system of the Peoples Republic of China (Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China, 1997). Under Section 5, Article 48 of the Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic of China (1997), it states that there is a possibility of having a two-year reprieve for capital punishment on cases which needs not be punished immediately. Wang (2011) explained that the rationality behind this is for the reduction in use of the death penalty, cautious application of the death penalty, and tempering justice with mercy. It is because in the past years, the growing number of people sentenced with capital punishment has become alarming, and with this, the Chinese Government hopes that the imposition of the two-year reprieve would bring a decline to the number of cases (The Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China, 2002). According to Wang (2011), if the person observes goo d behavior during the two-year reprieve, there is a chance that his punishment would be reduced into life imprisonment. It also serves as a period where drug traffickers are subjected into forced labor, as a way of reforming them (Belkin 2000). The bilateral relations of the Philippines and China are weakened with the executions of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who were convicted of drug trafficking. Since 2011, China executed four OFWs with drug trafficking cases namely: Ramon Credo, Sally Villanueva and Elizabeth Batain in March 2011, and an unnamed 35-year old Filipino in December 2011 (Santos, 2011). It is reiterated by the Presidential Communications Operations Office [PCOO] (2011) that China carried out the execution despite of the Philippines appeal for clemency to commute capital punishment to life imprisonment. Clemency cannot be granted to the Filipinos on the death row because of the strict implementation of the Chinese laws. According to Guiang (2012), once a verdict of the Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China [SPA] has been made, pleads of the Philippine government will no longer change the decision. Philippine Vice President Jejomar Binay went to China on March 2011 to appeal for clemency to the three OFWs who were on the death row (PCOO, 2011). As stated by PIA (2011), in view with the diplomatic relations with the Philippines and in accordance to the Chinese laws, Chinese officials granted the postponement of the execution of the three OFWs to a month, from February to March. The Philippines appreciated the postponement of the execution and fully respected the final verdict of the SPA (PCOO, 2011). The execution of capital punishment to the four OFWs did not cause strains to bilateral relations, as reiterated by both countries. This argument is proved by the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines [OGRP] (2011) that the executions of the OFWs produced stronger bilateral relations between China and the Philippines through the Joint Statement of both countries which aimed to promote and strengthen political cooperation between the two countries. In the political aspect, both countries advocated in combating transnational crimes, including drug trafficking, protection of nationals, negotiations for a treaty in relation to mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and transfer of sentenced persons are made, as reiterated by OGRP (2011). Moreover, a memorandum of understanding between the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) of the Philippines and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of China is signed to strengthen political cooperation between the two countries to pr event OFWs from being involved in future drug trafficking incidents (OGRP, 2011). The Capital punishment is considered a violation to the International Human Rights Law. The Capital punishment or popularly known as death penalty in China to drug offenders has been a great concern for the international community because it violates the International Human Rights Law and the most fundamental law which is the Right to life (Lines, 2007). There are three major international organizations that protects human rights because of Chinas procedure on execution and sentencing and making the death rate of executions a state secret and that is why organizations such as Amnesty International, International Harm Reduction Association and the United Nations are fighting to abolish it. According to the International Human Rights Law drug offenses is not applicable to what they refer as crimes that are punished with death it is only those persons that committed the considered most serious crimes should be given a punishment of death sentence in Article 6 (2). This law was also give n a resolution by the United Nations and that Drug trafficking is not recognized and considered by the International Human Rights Law as one of most serious crimes (Gallahue, 2011). There are major organizations that are taking substantive measures to stop the execution of capital punishment in some countries. The organizations are the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), the International Harm Reduction Association (IHRA) and the Amnesty International (Lines, 2007). According to the International Harm Reduction Association (2007), the Chinese government violates the International Human Rights Law which is proved by Lines (2007) in a way that it doesnt consider drug offences a crime that is punishable with death sentence. In Chinas legal system, the law on death penalty on drug traffickers is stated in Article 347 of Chinas Criminal law, they have specific laws on the amount of grams of drugs that was being handled by the foreign national shall subjected to interrogation immediately without having a legal counsel to defend him and only after a certain period of time then he shall have a legal counsel but if the accused foreign national have witness ed that he did carry such drugs then he shall be on trial and sentenced with death penalty (Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China, 2002). Although the Chinese government have its system of investigating the prosecution in the trial, still, the foreign national could not defend himself because of the circumstance that the lawyer is not of which of his choice to defend him, that alone is bias, that fact is discriminating and is therefore a violation to the International Human Rights Law (Gallahue, 2011). The international community, as a whole, does not perceive drug offences as punishable by death sentence. According to Lines (2007) the approach of the countries that follows this practice does give rationale justification that drug offences are indeed punishable by death. It is viewed by China that a drug offences is a grave crime while in the International Human Rights Law, it is only when a crime against the state and a homicide should be considered a crime punishable by death (Bi, 2012). According to the International Harm Reduction Association [IHRC] (2007), there have been disproportionate execution and sentenced foreign nationals when it comes to drug trafficking because of the lack of due process in the procedure of determining if whether or not the assumed criminal is guilty of smuggling drugs or not because of discriminatory laws on drugs with foreign nationals. This is why drug cases in China pertaining to foreign nationals are very alarming to the people who are planning to visit China or work there perhaps (Lines, 2007). A retentionist state like China reasons that they are following this death penalty procedure to safe guard their country from hard drugs and according to the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that countries that have death penalty punishment to drug trafficking should be abolished because they failed to give an adequate protection on due process (Gallahue, 2011). In Chinese law procedure, in Article 61, which states that those that will be given a punishment will be based upon the nature of the incident of when he was caught with the drugs and the circumstances of whether how harmed the society, But in drug trafficking they do not follow as such, they just determine a drug trafficker when he is caught with the drugs on his bag but they do not consider the other mitigating circumstances on whether it was planted by someone else and this makes it even contradicting to laws they have on their system (Supreme Peoples Court of the Peoples Republic of China, 2002). The Peoples Republic of China argues that executing capital punishment on drug offenders a grave offense and therefore is subject to death penalty. In accordance to this, the Human Rights Committee have also made it clear that in Article 14 which states that, including a right to a fair hearing by an independent tribunal, the presumption of innocence, the minimum guarantees for defense and the right to review by a higher tribunal and also the right to seek pardon on the sentence (International Harm Reduction Association, 2007). However, in Chinas legal system in punishing drug offenders, it is not stated there that they have the right to seek pardon and that alone is a violation in the International Human Rights Law. China as a retentionist argues with the fact that although drug related offences are non-violent crimes, it is still a grave crime because it is heinous, grievous and it destroys their traditional values and with these things it results to social harm (Supreme Peoples Co urt of the Peoples Republic of China, 2002). 3.0 Results and Discussion In 2001, four OFWs were sentenced with capital punishment in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) due to drug trafficking. Ramon Credo, Sally Villanueva and Elizabeth Batain were caught smuggling drugs weighing 1 kilogram in March; meanwhile an unnamed 35-year old Filipino in December was caught with 1.5 kilograms of drugs. With the application of the Chinese Criminal Law, these four OFWs were immediately subjected with capital punishment for illegally possessing more than one kilogram of narcotic drugs. Like any other criminal cases within the PRC, there were set of procedures being observed during the whole process of their trial. The Chinese and the Philippine governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on August 31, 2011 and made a Joint Statement on September 01, 2011 to prevent further future drug trafficking incidents that will involve OFWs (The Philippine Embassy in China, 2012). This is pursuance of the commitment of both countries to combat transnational crimes, which includes drug trafficking. Table 1 and 2 shows the data on the Philippine imports performance with the Peoples Republic of China from January to May 2012 and 2011 and the Philippine exports performance of May 2012 and 2011 with the said country. Table 1. Philippine Imports Performance with Peoples Republic of China: January to May 2012 and 2011 (in Million U.S. Dollars) Source: http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/2012/im120503.htm Table 2. Philippine Exports Performance with Peoples Republic of China: May 2012 and 2011 (in Million U.S. Dollars) Source: http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2012/ex1205tx.html The figures presented in Tables 1 and 2 show that there is no decline in the imports and exports between the Philippines and the Peoples Republic of China after the execution of capital punishment for drug trafficking of the three OFWs. Instead, the trade between the two countries strengthened as imports and exports increased. Table 3 presents the data on the Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) Cash Remittances from the Peoples Republic of China on January to June 2012 and 2011. Table 3. Overseas Filipino Workers Cash Remittances January to June 2012 and 2011 (Landbased and Seabased) (in Thousand U.S. Dollars) Source: http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/keystat/ofw.htm The data presented in Table 3 shows that there is no drop in the in the cash remittances sent by OFWs from China to the Philippines despite of the execution of the three OFWs in March. Instead, the cash remittances flow from China to the Philippines grew stronger in January to June 2012. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) [2012] that promulgated the International Human Rights law have strongly disprove on the capital punishment issues on some countries that are executing individuals that have committed crimes that are not considered as most serious crimes (UDHR, 2012). As all other human rights, the right to life is the first and foremost core value of the UDHR and that is what the Peoples Republic of China violated (Nowak, 2005). It does not only protect individuals against arbitrary interference by Government agents, but also obliges States to take positive measures in order to provide protection from arbitrary killings, enforced disappearances and similar violent acts committed by paramilitary forces, organized crime or any private individual (Nowak, 2005). Under the laws of the UDHR, the countries that have capital punishments should follow fair trial to give the accused person the opportunity to defend himself. States must therefore outlaw such act s as crimes, and must implement appropriate legislation (UDHR, 2012) According to the Article 5 of UDHR No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The moment that the declare to a person that he/she will be subjected to capital punishment such as death penalty through lethal injection is already a mental torture to a person. It is already causing mental pain for a person to have the agony of waiting for the time he/she will be killed (UDHR, 2012) A punishment such as lethal injection to foreign drug offenders in the Peoples Republic of China can be considered already as cruel punishment because it is killing of another individual and therefore it is inhume and a degrading punishment. (UNCHR, 2012) The International Covenant Commission on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) [2007] is the covenant made by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights with regards to the protection of the individual rights of a person such as the Right to Life. According to Article 7 of CCPR No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation. The UDHR and the CCPR clearly has the same position with cruel punishments. The CCPR also is strongly fighting for its abolition. In Article 6 of CCPR, it stated Nothing in this article shall be invoked to delay or to prevent the abolition of capital punishment by any State Party to the present Covenant. Prior to this law, there are still retentionist countries that are passive to what these International Laws are advocating (CCPR, 2007). Moreover, since retentionist countries still do what they have practiced, the international law provides for procedural requirements applicable to all death penalty cases: fair trial guarantees, the possibility of appeal to a higher court, and clemency (Nowak, 2005). According to Article 6 (4) of CCPR, amnesty, pardon or commutation of a death sentence may be granted at all times. Clemency may postpone or set aside a death sentence for instance, by commuting it to life imprisonment and can be used to make up for errors, mitigate a harsh punishment or compensate for any criminal law provisions that may dis- allow consideration of relevant factors. The right of any death convict to seek clemency is clearly affirmed in international human rights law. However, the Peoples Republic of China rarely grants clemency to drug offenders in their country, they have a strong stand point in their laws on drug related crimes (Nowak, 2005). According to CCPR, the death penalty should constitute exceptional punishment, always meted out in accordance with the principle of proportionality. Article 6 of CCPR refers to the most serious crimes and, under the Safeguards, the definition of the most serious crimes punishable by death should not go beyond intentional crimes, with lethal or other extremely grave consequences. But this is not being applied to the Peoples Republic of China because they are executing death penalty on foreign drug offenders caught in their state (Nowak, 2005).