The Plot Against the Giant Free Essays

The poem talks about three girls plotting against a giant. The first girl plans that when his yokel comes maundering, whetting his hacker, the first girl will run before him. She will diffuse the civilest of odors out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Plot Against the Giant or any similar topic only for you Order Now The girl expects that this will check the giant. The second girls plan is to directly run before the giant. She will arch cloths besprinkled with colors that are as small as fish-eggs. The threads of the cloth will abash the giant. Lastly the third girl calls the giant la pauvre. She will also run before the giant with a curious puffing. He expects the giant to bend his ear to her puffing and that’s when she plans to whisper heavenly labials in a world of gutturals. This will undo the giant. The Plot of against the Giant is a poem published among Steven Wallace’s other poems under the book Harmonium which was published in 1923. The poem has a lot of playfulness and imagination but one would wonder who Wallace’s giant was. He could mean someone else or the giant could be himself. The poem consists of three parts. This could mean three approaches or three aspects or three techniques or three different experiences or stories all together. First line goes when this yokel comes maundering, yokel means an uneducated person, they are also known as bumpkins standing for unsophisticated country people. In fiction, yokels are usually depicted as gullible and easily conned. On the contrary, they may be viewed as straightforward and simplistic, and therefore seeing through sophisticated pretenses. Maundering can mean either wander aimlessly or talk indistinctly or speak rapidly. So the first line mean the first girl is waiting when the giant whom she calls a yokel comes to wander. The poem continues, whetting his hacker, I shall run before him, Diffusing the civilest odors Out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers. It will check him. Whetting is sharpening. With the continuation, the first paragraph suggests that the first girl will run to the giant when he is wandering without care sharpening his hacker. She plans to run to him and pour out and spread freely the nicest smelling odors from geraniums and unsmelled flowers and this will check the giant. The second girl says, I shall run before him, Arching cloths besprinkled with colors As small as fish-eggs.The threads. Will abash him. This suggests that she will run to the giant bending clothes toward the giant sprinkled with colors as small as fish-eggs. The threads will disconcert and embarrass the giant. While the third girl says, Oh, la†¦le pauvre! I shall run before him, With a curious puffing. He will bend his ear then. I shall whisper Heavenly labials in a world of gutturals. It will undo him. This suggests that she will run to the giant with an interesting but short forceful exhalation of breath or a short sudden gust of wind. This will make the giant bend his ear. The third girl will then whisper heavenly labials. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth. Sounds like this will undo the giant. The poem has a lot of imagination, symbolism and subtlety. It even has playfulness.   Each girl represents certain dealing or a plan: the subtlety of fragrances, the colorfulness of the besprinkled cloths and the magic of sound.   Another way of understanding the poem is seeing the visions of the poet himself. The Giant could be Steven Wallace himself and the gist of the poem is basically women plotting against him. If Wallace had been fond of women during his days – we can only speculate. He must have composed the poem out from pure imagination or thoughtful observation or it could be that the poem came out from a true-to-life experience. With this premise we will them come to view the poem differently and perhaps more maturely. As I’ve mentioned the three girls can mean different approaches of woman to a man or how woman respond to man. Before we get to the details of the poem lets touch a little on the word giant. Why Wallace did choose his hero to be a giant? Why not a winged-angel or perhaps Superman? It could be possible that in Wallace mind he perceives men in general as giants, of course not in the physical sense but in the gender sensitive sense. Another point of consideration is when the poem was created. The poem was written when society was highly patriarchal. It could be very possible that Wallace views were highly influenced by a male-dominated society that time. This could be the reason why he sees men in general or himself as super beings – superior to ordinary man. He used a giant as his hero in the poem to portray this supremacy. However, Wallace was aware of the consequences of using a giant for a hero or maybe it is exactly what he intends. Just like Goliath in the Bible, though he is a giant he was defeated by a child in the person of David. Wallace might have seen this perspective and opted to mold his character into a Giant and multiplied his David into three. Evident in the poem is Wallace’s bias on woman. He used the word plot against –and to plot against is something adversarial. As upfront as this title, the walls have been divided. Wallace then sees women as the enemy. The three dames represent a battle Wallace’s giant needs to overcome. First is the art of subtlety – using the sense of smell. It is common knowledge that scents and perfumes are women essentials. As much as women loves wearing it – men loves smelling it. The poem speaks of this with the first girl using all the civilest odors from geraniums to the unsmelled flowers. This suggest that the girl used the scents to check the giant out. She used the scents to weaken the giant. We should take note that the first girl was careful when to release these odors – only when the yokel is maundering. It is not done all the time, timing is everything. Second is the use of color and of clothes. If this is effective in taming a man then it is much effective now. It doesn’t only tame or abash a man it can be used to intimidate though today’s playing field doesn’t play much on the color nor on the cloth but a lot has been attributed to style. I would say attitude counts too. Third is the use of sound. Sound can have different effects on people. It depends on the kind and quality of sound we hear. The poem speaks of heavenly labial sounds. To me this suggests sensuality. These sounds can be the ahhs and the ohhhs or can be a moan or a groan that surely is very powerful letting the third girl call the giant la pauvre. It wouldn’t be a wonder because labial sounds are mostly guttural thus instinctive. The effects of these sounds are expectedly instinctive in nature too. The Plot Against the Giant First Girl When this yokel comes maundering, Whetting his hacker, I shall run before him, Diffusing the civilest odors Out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers. It will check him. Second Girl I shall run before him, Arching cloths besprinkled with colors As small as fish-eggs. The threads Will abash him. Third Girl Oh, la†¦le pauvre! I shall run before him, With a curious puffing. He will bend his ear then. I shall whisper Heavenly labials in a world of gutturals. It will undo him. (From â€Å"Harmonium,† 1923) How to cite The Plot Against the Giant, Essay examples

Critical Review Of Carn By Patrick Mccabe Essay Example For Students

Critical Review Of Carn By Patrick Mccabe Essay Critical Review: CarnThe novel Carn, by Patrick McCabe, is a thought-provoking tale of people from a town inIreland. The town, Carn, goes through economic failure, complete industrialization and commercialrevival, back to total desolation. As the town changes, so do the main characters, Josie Keenan andSadie Rooney. Although they do not know each other at the beginning of the novel, after theindulstrialization of the town, their lives eventually intersect. All they want from life is to lead normallives outside of Carn. Even though Carn is now an industrial town, it holds bad memories and asense of imprisonment for Josie and Sadie. Both their lives become tied to the town of Carn. Sadieplans to move to England, but when she becomes pregnant she must stay in Carn and raise a family. A lack of options forces Josie to remain in Carn, the only home she knows. Eventually, Josiesdestructive lifestyle and the political conflicts between England and Ireland result in tragedy for bothcharacte rs. McCabe does an excellent job at developing the characters of Josie, Sadie, and thetown of Carn itself. He shows the futility of their hopes, which ultimately results in tragedy anddespair. The reader can relate to the characters, and by the conclusion of the novel, the reader willfeel as if s/he knows the characters personally. Josie Keenan lives a life without hope. The author does a good job of providing insight intoJosies life by informing the reader of everything that effects Josie from the beginning of her life, rightuntil the end. Living with an abusive father has made Josie believe that no one is good, and everyoneis only looking for what they can gain from others. The only kind words she has ever received arefrom her mother. Even this source of happiness is taken from her though, because her mother dieswhen Josie is young. She moves from an orphanage right into the working world, and into a worldof men. Because she does not have a strong father figure in her life, she looks for love else where. Men love her body, and she loves the control this gives her. Josie now that there nothingshe do with (49). She takes mens money and does with it as she pleases. She the bus to a town across the border where she on her own in a cafe listening to ajukebox and eating ice-creams (51). Soon, however, this pat h leads to destruction. Her whole lifebecomes devoted to drinking alcohol and pleasing men. She is disgusted with what she has becomeand tries to blot out her pitiful life with alcohol. She sees how awful her life is when The protectionof the drink and the drugs to wear off (145). The only good influence in Josies life is herlone friend Sadie. In the end, though, not even this makes a difference. An overdose of pills mixedwith alcohol kills Josie before Sadie can reach her. McCabe is very pessimistic, and he gives thisquality to his characters. Little by little, as the book progresses, Josie looses her mind. The authorallows the reader to see Josies thoughts, which aides in understanding a demented person. Theeffects of abuse, sexual exploitation, and alcohol are seen in Josies character. The reader feels pitytoward Josie and the outcome of her life. McCabe does an excellent job of characterizing JosieKeenan. The character of Sadie Rooney is also a sad and hopeless one. McCabe relates the readerto Sadie through stories of Sadies childhood dreams. When she was a child she loved ElvisPresley. She would have gone anywhere with him (23). Readers can identify with Sadies love ofmovie starrs and desire for a better life. As her life progresses, however, her hopes are dashedwhen she becomes pregnant and must raise a family in the town she hates, Carn. When she learnsof her pregnancy, she nothing and says, Thats it then (115). She is bitter, yet resigned tothe fact that nothing she planned ever came to pass. Nothing can affect her any more, because herlife is already terrible. Eventually, her husband becomes involved in a murder, and she is hated bythe people of Carn. McCabe gives readers a definite idea of Sadies views on life. Her life is awful,but she knew it would be from the very start. The point that the author is trying to convey to thereader is that all of life is bad, and there is nothi ng that can be done to improve it. He uses clearcharacterization to get this point across to the reader. The character of Sadie vividly demonstratesthis idea. .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .postImageUrl , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:hover , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:visited , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:active { border:0!important; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:active , .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2 .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f72f919f820c94bd92bbe3b3b7b01a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: definition of contract in european law EssayCarn itself is a character. Although it is a town, it goes through a life cycle. Life for Carnbegins with prosperity, changes to ruin, becomes industrialized again, and then finally returns to dust. Carn effects the other characters in tremendous ways. The desolation that the other characters feelspawns from the desolation of Carn. McCabe makes the reader feel as if they have actually visitedthis town on the border of Ireland. After the reader travels there, they too can feel the emptinessthat results. The author characterizes the town through the words of other characters. Some believethat Carn is the best wee town in Ireland. I mean, you have everything you want here (61). Thatis the problem for many. They want to experience new and exciting things, yet they are restricted tothe commonplace in Carn. They can go Nowhere but Carn. Carnthe beginning and the end(62). Carn is the beginning and the end for both Sadie and Josie. It is Regular as clockwork(62). Nothing changes. Carn manages to get rid of the young ones (107). People feel trapped inCarn, and yet few can escape. It is analogous to an evil force that has a hold on everyone living in it. Even though Carn is the evil in peoples lives, life in general is the ultimate negative power. Carncannot escape the tragedies of life. Its moment of prosperity is ended, and all the characters returnto the sad, hopeless states that all people are destined to reside in. McCabe is an extremely talentedauthor to be able to give an inanimate object its own character, and to do it well. Carn is anexcellent example of a well-developed character. McCabes views of life are demonstrated by the lives of Sadie and Josie, and the town ofCarn. McCabes characters lives are replete with suffering and sorrow, and they all react with bitterresignation. Sadie, Josie, and Carn are resigned to accept their fates Sadies, involuntary life inCarn; Josies, debauchery and death; and Carns, economic desolation. Carn is very well writtenand is a wonderful book. However, not everyone will enjoy it. There is a considerable amount ofhistory involved in it, so people who enjoy history will benefit from it. It is also very depressing, soreaders who love happy endings will be disappointed with the conclusion of the story. For thesereasons I did not enjoy reading this book, however I do understand the literary merit that isdisplayed by McCabe. The story line and characters are well developed, and it is an interestingstory. I recommend it to anyone who is learning about the conflicts in Ireland, or to anyone wholikes to get to know fictional characters in a personal way. Book Reports

Laissez-faire Economy Essays - Classical Liberalism,

Laissez-faire Economy Concept of the Invisible Hand in a Laissez-faire economy "By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of it." Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1776. What business does a government have in commerce and trade? Why would a government want to interfere between two countries benefiting from each other by trade? What right does the government have in two individuals wanting each other's products or services? According to some, commerce and trade should be permitted to operate free of controls of any kind; there should be no tariffs or other barriers. This is where the term laissez-faire is introduced. It's direct translation in French, "leave alone to do", is self-explanatory. A strong believer in this type of economics is Adam Smith, both a philosopher and an economist. Born on 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, he studied at Oxford, and became a professor of logic at Glasgow (1751), but took up the chair of moral philosophy the following year. In 1776, he moved to London, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first major work of political economy. This examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom, such as division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. Adam Smith is most remembered today for his explanation of our market system. A majority of people saw confusion when they observed economic activity in England during the middle of the 18th century. They saw everyone doing whatever they pleased and deemed necessary. Businesses produced whatever they wanted to make. Consumers purchased whatever they wanted to buy. No one told anyone what had to be bought and what had to be sold especially the government. And yet, somehow, businesses seemed to be providing the goods and services that consumers wanted and needed. Some might have called it luck; Adam Smith called it an "invisible hand". And today, it is considered the laissez-faire economy. The "invisible hand" is a term for the unseen process of co-ordination which ensures consistency of individual plans in a decentralized market economy (Pearce, 220). Adam Smith introduced this phrase in his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Book IV, Chap. II), who stressed the role that the "invisible hand" played in attaining a harmony of interests. Imagine this "invisible hand" suspended above everyone. This "invisible hand" encourages businesspeople to pursue profits and it pushes consumers to buy goods and services. And at the same time, that "invisible hand" discourages government from directing the economic activity. This "invisible hand" that Adam Smith refers to as a guiding force was the people and their attitudes. It all started with profit-seeking individuals. Using self-interest to feed their drive, people started businesses. When a business would become successful, others would notice and enter into the same field. As a direct result, growing consumer demand was satisfied while competition controlled rising prices. As demand grew, businesses were established in which workers shared tasks. This is called division of labor, in which one worker handled the first stage, another the second, and a third finished the product. The result was mass production, more efficiency, and lower costs. Mass production meant that people no longer had to grow there own food and remain on the farm; there would be enough to supply a large workforce. Paying all those laborers resulted in an army of consumers with money to spend. Adam Smith argued that an individual acting purely out of self-interest, would be a progressive force for the maximization of the total wealth of a nation. The role of the government should be permissive, creating a legal defensive setup sufficient to allow individual action. Interference with the free working of this natural order will reduce the growth of wealth and misdirect resources. Though Smith argued for laissez-faire, he recognized the need for minimal government intervention. For example, a tariff for infant industries and for the three functions of the state- security, justice and certain public works (Pearce, 397). Our economic system today seems to lean toward another philosophy called Keynesian economics. Keynesian economics is based on a belief that the economy

Achievements of India in Space Research Essay Example

Achievements of India in Space Research Essay Example Achievements of India in Space Research Essay Achievements of India in Space Research Essay The Indian space program began establishing itself with the launch of sounding rockets, which was complimented by Indias geographical proximity to the equator. These were launched from the newly-established ThumbaEquatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) , built near Thiruvananthapuram in southern Kerala. Initially, American sounding rockets like the Nike-Apache, and French sounding rockets like the Centaure, were fired and used for studying the upper atmospheric electrojet, which until then had only been studied from ship-based sounding rocket launches in the Pacific Ocean. These were soon followed by British and Russian rockets. However, since day one, the space program had grand ambitions of developing indigenous technology and India soon began developing its own sounding rockets, using solid propellants -these were called the Rohini family of sounding rockets. As the Indian Rohini program continued to launch sounding rockets of greater size and complexity, the space program was expanded and eventuallygiven its own government department, separate from the Department of Atomic Energy. In 1969 the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) was created from the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) program under the DAE, continued under the Space Commission and finally the Department of Space, created in June of 1972. (1970-1980) In the 1960s, Sarabhai had taken part in an early study with NASA regarding the feasibility of using satellites for applications as wide as direct television broadcasting, and this study had found that it was the most economical way of transmitting such broadcasts. Having recognized the benefits that satellites could bring to India from the very start, Sarabhai and the ISRO set about designing and creating an independent launch vehicle, capable of launching into orbit, and providing the valuable experience needed for the construction of larger launch vehicles in future. Recognizing the advanced capability India had in building solid motors with the Rohini series, and that other nations had favoredsolid rockets for similar projects, the ISRO set about building the technology and infrastructure for the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) . Inspired by the American Scout rocket, the vehicle would be a four-stage all-solid vehicle. Meanwhile, India also began developing satellite technology, anticipating the remote sensing and communication needs of the future. Indias first foray into space began with the launch of its satellite Aryabhata in 1975 by a Soviet booster. By 1979, the SLV was ready to be launched from a newly-established second launch site, the Shriharikota Rocket Launching Station (SRLS) . The first launch in 1979 was a failure, attributed to a control failure in the second stage. By 1980 this problem had been worked out. The first indigenous satellite launched by India was called Rohini-1 . (1980-1990)Following the success of the SLV, ISRO was keen to begin construction of a satellite launch vehicle that would be able to put truly useful satellites into polar orbits. Design of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) was soon underway. This vehicle would be designed as Indias workhorse launch system, taking advantage of both old technology with large reliable solid-stages, and new liquid engines. At the same time, it was decided by the ISRO management that it would be prudent to develop a smaller rocket, based on the SLV thatwould serve as a testbed for many of the new technologies that would be used on the PSLV. The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) would test technologies like strap-on boosters and new guidance systems, so that experience could be gained before the PSLV went into full production. Eventually, the ASLV was flight tested in 1987, but this launch was a failure. After minor corrections, another launch was attempted in 1988, this launch again failed. 1990-2000)It was not until 1992 that the first successful launch of the ASLV took place. At this point the launch vehicle, which could only put very small payloads into orbit, had achieved its objective. In 1993, the time had come for the maiden flight of the PSLV. The first launch was a failure. The first successful launch took place in 1994, and since then, the PSLV has become the workhorse launch vehicle - placing both remote sensing and communications satellites into orbit, creating the largest cluster in the world, and providing unique data to Indian industry and agriculture. Continual performance upgrades have increased the payload capacity of the rocket significantly since then. By this time,with the launch of the PSLV not far away, it had been decided that work should begin on the next class of launch vehicles, intended to place larger satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), and thus a launcher partly derived from the PSLV design, but featuring large liquid strap-on motors and a cryogenic upper-stage motor, was devised -the Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle. 2000)Major achievement which seems to have gone largely unnoticed is ISRO’s successful ground testing of the cryogenic engine on November 15, 2007. This test - conducted for its full flight duration of 720 seconds at the Liquid Propulsion test facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, puts India on the world map of cutting edge rocket propulsion technology. Only five other nations - The US, Russia, Japan, China and France - currently have this capability. Cryogenicengines are im portant for launch of satellites, particularly of the INSAT variety which operate from a geostationary orbit, some 36,000 km above earth’s surface. To launch these, ISRO uses a vehicle called GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle). This vehicle has three stages of which the third - and the most critical - stage is a cryogenic stage Sofar, India uses a Russian-made cryogenic engine. But with this recent test, the decks are cleared for using an indigenous engine for the next GSLV (GSLV-D3) launch, expected in 2008. Cryogenics studies behavior of materials at very low temperatures - below minus 150 ° Celsius (minus 238 ° Fahrenheit or 123 ° Kelvin) - as found in the upper atmosphere. The cryogenic engine, which uses a combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel, needs to run forover 700 seconds for GSLV launches. Space Capsule Recovery Experiment The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1) is an Indian experimental spacecraft which was launched at 03:53 GMT on January 10, 2007 from Shriharikota by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The launch was conducted using the PSLV C7 rocket, along with three other satellites. It remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earths atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal at 04:16 GMT on January 22. The SRE 1 was designed to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. It was also intended to test reusable Thermal Protection System, navigation, guidance and control, hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication blackout, deceleration and flotation system and recovery operations. Chandrayaan-1 First mission to the Moon launched by Indias national space agency the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the spacecraft by a modified version of the PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Shriharikota, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh about 80 km north of Chennai at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC). The mission is a major boost to Indias space program, as India joins Asian nations China and Japan in exploring the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on8 November 2008. On November 14, 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Moon-orbiting Chandrayaan at 20:06 and impacted the lunar South Pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. The MIP impacted near the crater Shackleton, at the lunar south pole, at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing subsurface debris that could be analyzed for presence of water ice. The estimated cost for the project is Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million). The remote sensing lunar satellite had a weight of 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) at launch and 675 kilograms (1,488 lb) in lunar orbit and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The Polar Regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. Objectives The stated scientific objectives of the mission are: To design, develop, launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moonusing an Indian-made launch vehicle. Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will yield the following results: Preparation of a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both the near and far side of the Moon. Chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements Magnesium, Aluminium, Silic on, Calcium, Iron, Titanium, Radon, Uranium, Thorium. The impact of a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe - MIP) on the surface on the Moon as a fore-runner to future soft-landing missions. Specifications Mass:1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasing the impactor. Dimensions: Cuboid in shape of approximately 1. 5 m Communications: X band, 0. 7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency. Power: The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includes one solar panel covering a total area of 2. 15 x 1. 8 m generating 700 W of power, which is stored in a 36 A ·h lithium-ion battery. The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon. Specific areas of study High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north and south polar regions. Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, especially at thelunar poles. Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks. Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitkin Region (SPAR), where interior material may be expected. Tomap the height variation of the lunar surface features. Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moons surface with 5 m resolution To provide new insights in understanding the Moons origin and evolution. Payloads:  ®TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera,  ®HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager,  ®LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instr ument,  ®C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,  ®HEX is a High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer, ®MIP or the Moon Impact Probe Major achievements 1962:Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR); formed by the Department of Atomic Energy, and work on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near Trivandrum began. 1963: First sounding rocket launched from TERLS on November 21, 1963. 1965: Space Science Technology Centre (SSTC) established in Thumba. 1967: Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station set up at Ahmadabad. 1972: Space Commission and Department of Space set up. 1975: First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata, launched (April 19, 1975). 1976: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted. 1979: Bhaskara-1, an experimental satellite launched. First experimental launch of SLV-3 with Rohini satellite on board failed. 1980: Second experimental launch of SLV-3 Rohini satellite successfully placed in orbit. 1981: APPLE, an experimental geostationary communication satellite successfully launched on June 19. 1981: Bhaskara-II launched on November 20. 1982: INSAT-1A launched (April); deactivated in September. 1983: Second launch of SLV-3. RS-D2 placed in orbit. INSAT-1B launched. 1984: Indo-Soviet manned space mission (April). Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian to reach space. 1987: ASLV with SROSS-1 satellite on board launched. 1988: First Indian remote sensing satellite, IRS-1A launched. INSAT-1C launched (July). Abandoned in November. 1990: INSAT-1D launched successfully. 1991: Launch of second operational Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-1B (August). 1992: Third developmental launch ofASLV with SROCC-C on board (May). Satellite placed in orbit. First indigenously built satellite INSAT-2A launched successfully. 1993: INSAT-2B launched in July successfully. First developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-1E on board fails. 1994: Fourth developmental launch of ASLV successful (May). Second developmental launch of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) with IRS-P2 successfully (October). 1995: INSAT-2C launched in December. Third operational IRS (IRS) launched. 1996: Third developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-P3 successful (March). 1997: INSAT-2D launched in June became inoperational in October. Arabsat1C, since renamed INSAT-2DT, acquired in November. First operational launch of PSLV with IRS-1D successful (September). 1998: INSAT system capacity augmented with the readiness of INSAT-2DT acquired from Arabsat (January). 1999: INSAT-2E the last satellite in the multi-purpose INSAT-2 series, launched by Ariane from Kourou French Guyana (April 3, 1999). IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT), launched by Polar Satellite launch vehicle (PSLV-C2) along with Korean KITSAT-3 and German DLR-TUBSAT from Shriharikota(26 May 1999). 2000: INSAT-3B was launched on 22 M arch 2000. 2001: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-D1 (GSLV-D1), the first developmental launch of GSLV with GSAT-1 onboard partially successful. 2002: INSAT-3C launched successfully by Arianespace (January), PSLV-C4 launches KALPANA-1 (September). 2003: GSLV-D2, the second developmental launch of GSLV with GSAT-2 successful (May). 2004: First operational flight of GSLV (F01) successfully launches EDUSAT (September). 2005: Launch of CARTOSAT and HAMSAT by PSLV-C6 from the second launch pad (Universal Launch Pad) (May). INSAT 4A Launched successfully by the European Ariane-5G. 2006: Second operational flight of GSLV (F02) unsuccessful July 10, 2006. GSLV-F02 was carrying INSAT-4C. 2007: Successful launch of CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on PSLV C7 on January 10, 2007. 2007: SRE-1 splashed down in the Bay of Bengal on January 22, 2007 and was successfully recovered by the Indian Coast Guard and Indian Navy, making India one of the few countries to have re-entry technology. 2007: INSAT-4B successfully launched by Arianespace on March 12. 2007: PSLV-C8 successfully places an Italian satellite, AGILE into its orbit on April 23. 2007:Successful launch of GSLV (GSLV-F04) with INSAT-4CR on board from SDSC SHAR on September 2. 2008: PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR satellite under a commercial contract with AntrixCorporation on January 21. 2008:PSLV-C9 successfully launches CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign nanosatellites from Shriharikota on April 28 2008:PSLV-C11 successfully launches CHANDRAYAAN-1 fromSriharikota on October 22. Satellite Launch Vehicles Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) -an all-solid four-stage satellite launch vehicle. The SLV can place 40 kg into low earth orbit. Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) -an all-solid five-stage satellite launch vehicle. The ASLV can place 150 kg into low earth orbit. Present Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) -a four-stage rocket with liquid and solid stages. The PSLV can place 1600 kg into polar sun synchronous orbit. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark I/II (GSLV-I/II) -a three-stage rocket with solid, liquid and cryostages. The GSLV can place 2200 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Future Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV-III) -a three-stage rocket with solid, liquid and cryostages. The GSLV can place 4000-6000 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) -a small remote-piloted scramjet vehicle called AVATAR. The RLV will place small satellites into LEO and can be reused for at least 100 launches reducing the cost of launching satellites Launch facilities ISRO operates 3 launch stations: Thumba (TERLS -Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station/Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Kerala) Shriharikota (SRLS -Shriharikota Rocket Launching Station/Satish Dhawan Space Center, Andhra Pradesh). Balasore (BRLS -Balasore RocketLaunching Station, Orissa). The Shriharikota range is used for launch of satellites and multi-stage rockets. The launch station has two launch pads including the newest Universal Launch Pad. The two launch pads allow the station to hold up to 6 launches per year. The other two launch facilities are capable of launching sounding rockets, and other small rockets that dont produce spent stages. Comparison with other space agencies It is suggested that in terms of technical expertise and experience, ISRO is close to other major Asian space programs, especially China, and in some respects to Japan. Continued development of reliable and cost-effective launch platforms are expected to see commercial costs of launching payloads on Indian rockets fall, perhaps by as much as fifty percent. Once established, the Indian GSLV-III should be able to place 4000 to 6000 kg payloads into GTO Despite ISROs modest funding, it appears to have achieved reasonable successes . India is counted amongst the six major space powersof the world, and is among the top nations in Asia in terms of success and future potential in space. Indian launch vehicles have the capacity for human spaceflight, however, ISRO has stated that it can achieve all Indias commercial and scientific needs through unmanned spaceflight alone, raising the question of whether a crewed spaceflight will occur.

Definition of Monopsony

Definition of Monopsony Monopsony is a market structure in which there is only one buyer of a good or service. If there is only one customer for a certain good, that customer has monopsony power in the market for that good. Monopsony is analogous to monopoly, but monopsony has market power on the demand side rather than on the supply side. A common theoretical implication is that the price of the good is pushed down near the cost of production. The price is not predicted to go to zero because if it went below where the suppliers are willing to produce, they wont produce. Market power is a continuum from perfectly competitive to monopsony and there is an extensive practice/industry/science of measuring the degree of market power. As an example, for workers in an isolated company town, created by and dominated by one employer, that employer is a monopsonist for some kinds of employment. For some kinds of U.S. medical care, the government program Medicare is a monopsony.

The Building of the Progressive Field Research Paper

The Building of the Progressive Field - Research Paper Example The Gateway project was a major achievement in that it was the first successful construction of two fields at the same location. In the project, the progressive Field, then known as Jacobs Field, was the first to be completed and is heralded as the first baseball-only facility in the US. The Progressive Field was built as part of the Gateway project which envisioned better sports in downtown Cleveland. It was multi-phased strategy to develop a large sports complex in Cleveland and which Sasaki would provide the desired designs It was a sophisticated strategy aimed at revitalizing of the economy through consensus building. The master plan had an important objective of incorporating the entertainment and sports aspects into the downtown areas. This idea would serve as a catalyst for economic growth by opening space fabric in the downtown city. Therefore, before plans for a baseball stadium and a basketball arena were floated, there existed a dream of a domed stadium on the same site. I n the early 1980s, the Cleveland Browns and the Cleveland Indians had complained and grumbled about the state of the aging Cleveland Stadium, which had housed them for many years. The fact that the stadium was 50 years old did not help matters and this kept fans away from cheering their teams. The project was kick started in 1984 when county voters in Cleveland defeated a proposed increase in property tax to fund the construction of a new dome shaped stadium. The Mayor had proposed a 0.9-mill increase in the property tax and would affect home owners.

ROWE Program at Best Buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ROWE Program at Best Buy - Essay Example Plachy & Plachy (1998) also confirms that ROWE assists managers to design feasible ways of improving their output. Best Buy, for instance, is an international company that applies the ROWE program. This paper, in effect, explores ROWE program at Best Bay using various subheadings. Culture of Best Buy Best Buy Co., Inc. is an international electronic retailer that majorly sells in the United States, Mexico, United Kingdom, Turkey, China, and Canada. As an important aspect of the culture in Best Buy, the organization holds close social media as a form of empowering its employees. In other words, the company reaps massive productive gain through proper application of social media. Gibson & Billings (2003) points out three important social media tools applied in Best Buy. The Loop Marketplace, as one tool, involves replacing traditional suggestion box, where employees submit and share ideas, with specific market meeting points. Instead of collecting opinions of customers using suggestion boxes, the company identifies specific marketplaces where customers could converge and air out their views. As a second tool, Best Buy applies the Prediction Market tool to predict future market behaviors. Through prediction strategy, the organization designs suitable ways of controlling both supply and price of its products. The third social media tool the company has productively implemented is the Blue Shirt Nation. The latter tool involves diverting focus from improvement of pension schemes to modification of IT systems. Application of modern technological advancements has created a work environment where both employees and employers could freely interact. Approach to Organizational Change that ROWE Program Illustrates Gibson & Billings (2003) asserts that Best Buy has transformed its workplace by demolishing old systems where physical presence of a worker is equated to productivity of the worker. That is, from the name of the program, â€Å"results-only work environment,† Best Buy has focused on productivity of an employee, as an organizational change. Delmont (2005) also supports that the program in Best Buy objects at judging performance of a workforce on its output instead of duration spent in a meeting or in an office. Practically, ROWE program allows employees in the company to enter and exit their workplaces at any time of the day. There is no penalty or fine to an employee arriving after the official opening hours or leaving before the official business hours. Delmont (2005) summarizes that the program perceives work as something to do but not somewhere to go. The company is, therefore, interested in knowing whether work is satisfactorily completed. Through ROWE program, two major positive outcomes have been felt in the company. Overall employee satisfactory has shoot up following improvement in every department. Also report by Gallup, an organization that audits corporate cultures, indicates that the company’s productivity has climb ed up by 35% (Delmont, 2005). Resistance ROWE program at Best Buy Faces Even though ROWE program has significant effects in improvement of overall productivity of an organization and employees satisfaction, it, however, faces certain challenges. Resistance often comes from staffs members who appear to be